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ExpPsy > Independent and Dependent Variables > Flashcards

Independent and Dependent Variables Flashcards

1
Q

Aspects of an experiment that vary, things that can take on different values along some dimension

A

Variables

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2
Q

Affects and influences the value of the dependent variable

A

Independent variables

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3
Q

Particular behavior we expect to change because of experimental intervention

A

Dependent variables

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4
Q

If people are anxious, then they will want to affiliate or be with others

A

Schachter hypothesis

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5
Q

It specifies the precise meaning of a variable within an experiment

A

Operational definition

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6
Q

It defines dependent variables which describe what we do to measure the variables

A

Measured operational definitions

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7
Q

We use hypothetical construct or concepts to explain unseen processes postulated to explain observable behavior. These constructs cannot be observed directly

A

Defining constructs operationally

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8
Q

It is equally important when we are working with variables that can be observed more directly

A

Defining non-construct variables

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9
Q

It is important that we know how to define scale of measurement in setting up experiments and formulating operational definitions

A

Defining scales of measurement

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10
Q

The simplest level of measurement

A

Nominal scale

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11
Q

A rank of ordering items

A

Ordinal scale

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12
Q

Measure magnitude or quantitative size using measure with equal intervals between the values

A

Interval scale

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13
Q

The highest level of measurement, which has equal intervals between all values and a true zero point

A

Ratio scale

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14
Q

Relevant to research questions, sampled appropriately, manipulability

A

Desirable qualities for an independent variable

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15
Q

Relevant to research question, reliable, sensitive

A

Desirable qualities for a dependent variable

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16
Q

Consistency, stability, or repeatability of scores

A

Reliability

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17
Q

One way to assess reliability of measurement procedures is to have different observers take measurements of the same responses

A

Interrater reliability

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18
Q

Reliability of measure can also be checked by comparing scores of people who have been measured twice using the same instrument

A

Test-retest reliability

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19
Q

This effect occurs when the first testing session influences the scores from the old session; practice effect

A

Carryover effect

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20
Q

The extent to which different parts of questionnaire or other instruments designed to assess the same variable attain consistent result

A

Inter-item reliability

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21
Q

0.86 and above index

A

Very easy item difficulty

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22
Q

0.71-0.85 index

A

Easy item difficulty

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23
Q

0.30-0.70 index

A

Moderate item difficulty

24
Q

0.15-0.29 index

A

Difficult item difficulty

25
Q

0.14 and below index

A

Very difficult item difficulty

26
Q

0.14 and below index

A

Very difficult item difficulty

27
Q

Often use multiple choice to ask if they reliably measure the same variable

A

Internal consistency

28
Q

Often split the test into halves at random and compute coefficient reliability and correlate items measuring on the same variable on the two halves

A

Split half reliability

29
Q

The most widely used method for evaluating the inter-item reliability considers the correlation of each test item with every other item

A

Cronbach alpha

30
Q

Single administration of a single form based on the consistency of subject’s responses to all items in the test

A

Coefficient alpha/Kuder Richardson

31
Q

Same persons are tested with one form on the first occasion and with another equivalent form on the second

A

Alternate/parallel/equivalent forms reliability

32
Q

Refers to the degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure

A

Validity

33
Q

Validity of operational definitions is least likely to be a problem with variables that can be manipulated and measure directly

A

Face validity

34
Q

Validity. Depends on whether we are taking a fair sample of the quality we intend to measure

A

Content validity

35
Q

Validity. The predictive extent to which a scale predicts scores on some criterion measure

A

Predictive validity

36
Q

Validity. Compares scores on the measuring instrument with an outside criterion

A

Concurrent validity

37
Q

Validity. Deals with the transition from theory to research application

A

Construct validity

38
Q

Validity. The test effectiveness in predicting behavior against a standard

A

Criterion related validity

39
Q

The certainty that the changes in behavior observed

A

Internal validity

40
Q

Factors that are not the main focus of the experiment and can confound the results if not controlled. Anything that varies or changes the systematic way along with independent variable

A

Extraneous variables

41
Q

Takes place when the value of an extraneous variable changes systematically across different conditions of an experiment

A

Confounding

42
Q

Threat. An outside event or occurrence that can produce effects on the dependent variable

A

History threat

43
Q

Threat. Produced by internal changes in subjects as a function of the passage of time - growing older; hungrier. tiredness (boredom and the like)

A

Maturation threat

44
Q

Threat. Produced by a previous administration of the same test or other measure (familiarity and practice effect that may improve the performance of the post test-performance improves through practice

A

Testing threat

45
Q

Threat. Produced by changes in the measuring instrument itself

A

Instrumentation threat

46
Q

Threat. Occur when subjects are assigned to conditions on the basis of extreme scores on a test (tendency of participants who received extreme scores in the pretest to receive less score on the post test; closer to the mean

A

Statistical regression threat

47
Q

Threat. Occur when the research does not assign subject randomly to the different conditions of an experiment (choosing biased respondents)

A

Selection threat

48
Q

Threat. Produced by differences in dropout rates across the conditions of the experiment (dropping out of participants from the group); eg. the experiment is painful, distressing, frightening

A

Subject mortality threat

49
Q

Threat. Family of threats produced when a selection threat combines with one or more of the other threats to internal validity. (Choosing the experimental and control groups based on scores)

A

Selection interaction threat

50
Q

Pretest might increase or decrease the respondent’s sensitivity or responsiveness to the experimental variable

A

Reactive or interaction effect of testing

51
Q

Interaction effects to to the experimental variable; subjects selected are not susceptible to the effects of the experimental variable, the result will not be realizable to the larger group

A

Selection biases of sampling

52
Q

Subjects are likely to experience cumulative effect

A

Replication when multiple treatments are applied

53
Q

Exact duplication of an investigation but with a different sample selected from a population

A

Literal replication

54
Q

Duplication using the same problem and methodology with some alteration

A

General replication

55
Q

Would preclude to the generalization about the effect of experimental variable upon persons being exposed to it in non-experimental settings

A

Reactive effects of experimental arrangements

56
Q

Likely to occur whenever multiple treatments are applied to the same respondents, the effects of prior treatments are not erasable

A

Multiple treatment intereferences

ExpPsy (6 decks)

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