independence movements Flashcards
origins - role of nationalism in Cuba
= Cuban nationalists believed Cuba was a unique nation with its own culture, history and identity so it should be independent from Spain
= fuelled by Spain’s oppressive rule
= Cuban flag was also a symbol
= economic exploitation fuelled nationalism as they desired to control their own resources and identity
= resistance to US involvement increases nationalism
origins - role of nationalism in Vietnam
= opposed french rule
= french colonial rule exploited the indigenous population
= Vietnamese people believed french didnt see them as good people
= fuelled by poor treatment as harsh control over peasants due to high taxes
= helped people feel a sense of pride in their country
= oppressed by Chinese rule and just wanted a sense of unity
origins - social factors - Cuba
= 30,000 refugees from Haiti settled in Cuba and brought their expertise with them
= Vives, an oppressive spanish ruler, set up military tribunals aimed to suppress any revolt
= social divisions/racial divisions
penisulares (spanish born natives who settled in Cuba)
criollos (born in cuba but spanish descent)
landowners and wealthy farmers
= increased demand for slavery, but the elite feared a rebellion
origins - social factors in Vietnam
= peasants were forced to work on French owned lands
= malnutrition and malaria were really common on plantations
= land was taken away from peasants and given to those who supported the government
= had to speak french and abandon their culture
= now westernised
origins - economic - cuba
= after 1750, developed into prosperous sugar colony
= wealthy colony
= modernise sugar production to be less dependent on slave labour
= Spain was focused on wars and so they were taking money to use it for themselves
= spain enforced trade restrictions
origins - economic - vietnam
= taxes had to be paid in hard currency, and farmers could not afford to do this
= french imposed a monopoly on sat, opium and alcohol which demaded extreme prices - aimed to impoverish reigons and put economic burden on inidigenous
= french turned vietnam into pro-capitalist system
origins - religion - Cuba
- catholic church was influential and some clergy supported the independence movement
- catholic church supported the spanish rule
origins - religion - vietnam
Diem (South) Vietnam’s President was Christian and disrespectful of Buddhism
Buddhist monks campaigned for social justice and nationalist causes
confucianism - chinese philosophy on culture
- had obligations to fit those roles in society
origins - role of war - cuba
= Haitian Revolution
- slave revolution which led to independence from France
- more influential for Black Cubans
= Simon Bolivar
- helped Colombia, Ecuador etc to gain independence which inspired Cuba
origins - role of war - Vietnam
= WW2 - French indochina was occupied by imperial Japan agreed by Imperial Vichy French authorities
- Viet Minh became centre of resistance against Japanese
= Cold War = Vietnam was viewed as proxy war
origins - race - Cuba
= strict racial hierarchy that existed in Cuba, especially with Spanish rule and during slavery
= 1886, slavery was abolished
= but continued discrimination in employment, education and political representation
= many cubans were enslaved or discriminated by Spanish government
origins - race - Vietnam
not a factor
economic historiography - Gabriel Kolko “Argues that the US was only interested…”
“argues that the US was only interested in Indochina’s natural resourcea and markets”
role of war in WW2 - David Shaplan “argues the US involvement was..”
“argues the US involvement was simply driven by a desire to support France”
nationalism - David Marr “Ho Chi Minh was a…”
Ho Chi Minh was a nationalist more than a communist
methods - violent methods - Cuba
first war -
= insurgents had help from peasants who knew the local area as they could move quickly around the countryside and conceal them (guerilla tactics)
second war -
= several small groups rose up in arms
= ‘la tea’ set cane fields, mills and plantations, as this would provide an income
= guerilla warfare which caused heavy losses
= destroyed sugar mills which would deprive Spanish administrations of funds and income
method - non-violent methods - Cuba
first war -
= plotters refused to pay taxes
= spread pro-independence literature around Cuba
=Cespedes released all his slaves and declared independence
= peasants helped them with climate and location
= leader refused to sign treaty that didnt have abolition of slavery in it
second war -
= boatload of new recruits such as Gomez, which provided new weapons and ammunition
= black Cubans had helped them massively and developed a large force
methods - role of leaders - Cuba
Marti
= intellectual writer who articulated a vision of free Cuba
= founded Cuban Revolutionary Party in 1892
= diplomatically - travelled to Latin American countries lobbying for international support
= worked with other leaders to develop guerilla strategues
= died in battle of das rios in 1895
= known as a symbol for cuban independence
Cespedes
= freed his slaves
= urged them to join in with fellow conspirators in a war to achieve independence from spain
= elected as president ‘the republic of cuba in arms’
= knwon as father of the country
Maximo Gomez
= military leader
= became military supporter and military commander in Cuba’s second war of independence
= influenced tactics used by Castro and Guevara in the rebellion
methods - foreign intervention in cuba
= 1898 Spanish American War - platt ammendments
= gave rights to cuba to america from spain
= ended spanish rule
= entered american rule
methods - violent methods in vietnam
= first indochina war, started using guerilla warfare which alllowed them to rebuild their strength and increase their influence
= second indochina war, viet cong attacked american airbases and bombed embassies
viet cong assasinated local officials in the south
teachers were targeted as they were thought to be agents of the diem governemnt
methods - non-violent methods in vietnam
= nationalists to engage in diplomatic negotiations internationally to gain support
= peasant support
= civil disobedience ex. not paying taxes
= built a new trail to get supplies through the jungle
methods - role of leaders in Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
= french education
= joined french communist party in 1920
= 1941 - returned to vietnam and leaders guerilla fighting
= organised Viet Minh which was a communist militia
= educated citizens
= well respected
methods - foreign intervention in vietnam
= USA gave it’s support to South as they feared if ho chi minh would win in an election. US rushed into giving military, political and financial help
= US didn’t want to help as they didn’t know what they were fighting for
= influence of cold war - proxy war
= USSR gave aid and resources to north, and north vietnamese pilots were being trained in soviet union
methods - use of propaganda - cuba
= spread pro-independence literature around Cuba
= cespedes
