Inchoate Crimes Flashcards
What are the 3 inchoate criminal offenses?
1) Solicitation 2) Conspiracy 3) Attempt
What are the 2 elements of criminal solicitation?
Solicitation = 1) asking someone to commit a crime; 2) w/ the specific intent that the crime be committed NOTE: the crime is the ASKING; it doesn’t matter whether the other person agrees/completes the crime
What are the 2 elements of conspiracy?
Conspiracy = 1) the specific intent to enter into an agmt (w/ 1 or more other ppl) to commit a crime; AND The specific intent is wrt (i) entering the agmt; AND (ii) accomplishing the objectives of the conspiracy (NOTE: can be proven INDIRECTLY by conduct that is a “concert of action” torwards a common goal) 2) an overt act in furtherance of the crime ANY overt act, even preparatory, performed by ANY of the co-conspirators is sufficient NOTE: completion is NOT necessary; the agmt ALONE is suffiicent
Is it possible to have a one-person conspiracy? NOTE: NY Distinction
Common law rule = NO! There must be at least 2 guilty minds (bilateral approach) NOTE: If the other parties to the agmt are acquitted, the last remaining ∆ CANNOT be convicted NY DISTINCTION = YES! A ∆ may be guilty of conspiracy EVEN IF the other parties are acquitted or were just pretending to agree (the unilateral approach)
What is the Wharton rule?
When two or more ppl are NECESSARY for the commission of the substantive offense, there is NO CONSPIRACY unless MORE parties participate in the agmt than are necessary for the crime NOTE: NY follows the Wharton rule
What is the rule for vicarious liability wrt conspiracy? NOTE: NY Distinction
Common law (“Pinkerton”) rule = In ADDITION to the conspiracy, a ∆ will be liable for OTHER crimes committed by his co-conspirators, SO LONG AS those crimes: 1) were committed in furtherance of the conspiracy; AND 2) were foreseeable NY DISTINCTION: NO vicarious liability for one who merely conspires and DOES NOT particpate in the crime commited by a co-conspirator
Is impossibility ever a defense toconspiracy?
NO! Impossibility (factual or legal) is NEVER a defense to a charge of conspiracy
What are the 2 elements of attempt? NOTE: NY Distinction
Attempt = 1) An overt act BEYOND mere preparation; “Substantial step” test = conduct that constitutes a substantial step towards the completion of the crime is sufficient (provided the conduct strongly corroborates the actor’s criminal purpose) NY DISTINCTION = “proximity” test = conduct that gets dangerously close to the commission of the crime 2) w/ the specific intent to commit the underlying crime You CANNOT attempt UNINTENTIONAL crimes, so NO attempt for (i) recklessness crimes; (ii) negligence crimes; OR (iii) felony murder NOTE: transferred intent does NOT apply to attempt crimes
Is impossibility a defense to attempt? NOTE: NY Distinction
Maybe… 1) Legal impossibility = if the ∆, having completed ALL the acts that he intended PLUS having full information abt the facts DIDN’T commit a crime Legal impossibility IS a defense to attempt NY DISTINCTION: Legal impossibility is NOT a defense to attempt in NY 2) Factual impossibility = if the substantive crime is incapable of completion b/c of some physical or factual condition unknown the the ∆ (he doesn’t have full information) Factual impossibility is NOT a defense to attempt
Is withdrawal/abandonment from an inchoate crime possible? NOTE: NY Distinction
Common law: withdrawal is NOT a defense to an inchoate defense EXCEPTION: Once ∆ withdraws (i.e. lets the other co-felons know) from a CONSPIRACY he will no longer be vicariously liable (Pinkerton) for crimes committed by his co-conspirators AFTER he left the conspiracy (BUT is liable for crimes committed prior to withdrawal) NY DISTINCTION: Withdrawal IS an affirmative defense to solicitation AND conspiracy IF the ∆ (i) voluntarily/completely renounced the act; AND (ii) prevented the commission of the object crime Abandonment IS an affirmative defense to attempt IF the ∆ (i) manifests a voluntary/complete renunciation of his actions; AND (ii) he avoids the commission of the object crime by abandoning the criminal effort
What are the merger rules for inchoate crimes (i.e. solicitation, conspiracy and attempt)? NOTE: NY Distinction
Solicitation: merges w/ (i) attempt; (ii) conspiracy;AND (iii) the completedtarget crime NY DISTINCTION: Solicitation does NOT merge (i.e. it stays a sep crime) Attempt: merges w/ the completed target crime (ONLY) Conspiracy: DOES NOT merge. Period. (i.e. it stays a sep crime)
