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Development and Inequalities > In what ways do economic inequalities influence social and environmental issues? > Flashcards

In what ways do economic inequalities influence social and environmental issues? Flashcards

1
Q

Economic development exerts a strong influence on environmental and social inequalities between and within countries. In newly industrialising countries (NICs) such as China and Brazil, the priority is …

A

economic growth

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2
Q

Rapid industrialisation increases..

A

GDP and exports, and provides jobs and wealth needed to raise incomes and invest in economic and social infrastructure.

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3
Q

The post-industrial economies of MEDCs create fewer environmental and social negative externalities. Moreover, MEDCs can afford to give environmental and social issues, which influence the quality of life…

A

much greater priority.

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4
Q

Causes of air pollution

A

Vehicle fumes and particulates, industry, heating

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5
Q

Causes of water pollution

A

Run-off from streets, household waste disposal, sewage disposal, agricultural chemicals and waste

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6
Q

Causes of solid pollution

A

Packaging, litter, ‘throw away’ society, organic waste

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7
Q

Causes of noise pollution

A

Traffic, domestic noise, workplace and factory noise

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8
Q

Causes of visual pollution

A

Very personal view of what is ugly e.g. wind farms, pylons

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9
Q

Causes of thermal pollution

A

Buildings store heat during the day, waste heat, traffic, people, machines

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10
Q

Causes of light pollution

A

Building, traffic, street lights

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11
Q

Causes of radiation pollution

A

Background and also from X-ray machines and leaks from nuclear power plant stations

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12
Q

Effects of air pollution

A
  • Increased respiratory problems e.g. asthma
  • Acid deposition – weathering of buildings
  • Cancer
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13
Q

Effects of water pollution

A
  • Eutrophication
  • Disease outbreaks
  • Cancer
  • Smell
  • Damage to wildlife
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14
Q

Effects of solid pollution

A
  • Eyesore
  • Attracts vermin – disease
  • Fire risk
  • Damage to wildlife
  • Water contamination
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15
Q

Effects of noise pollution

A
  • Hearing damage
  • Loss of sleep and increased stress
  • Decreased concentration
  • Nuisance - violence
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16
Q

Effects of visual pollution

A
  • Stress

* Psychological effects

17
Q

Effects of thermal pollution

A
  • Creates urban heat island

* Increased stress

18
Q

Effects of light pollution

A
  • Disruption of wildlife

* Psychological - ‘loss of the stars’

19
Q

Effects of radiation pollution

A
  • Cancer

* Birth defects and mutations

20
Q

Mexico City - NIC basic facts

A

8th richest urban conglomeration in the world, 211th most polluted

21
Q

London - MEDC basic facts

A

102 of 215 in order of pollution

22
Q

What are the physical causes of pollution in Mexico City?

A
  • In a high altitude basin

- Cold air forms inversion layer

23
Q

What are the economic causes of pollution in Mexico City?

A
  • Rapid industrialisation – 50,000 factories

- Increase in traffic – 3.5 million vehicles (many ageing)

24
Q

What are the social causes of pollution in Mexico City?

A
  • Overcrowded – more than 6.3 people per household
  • High population growth – more than 20 million
  • Poor-quality housing – shanties (3 million without sewage facilities)
25
Q

What are the political causes of pollution in Mexico City?

A
  • Lax anti-pollution laws and controls
26
Q

Air pollution in Mexico city?

A
  • Ozone levels are excessive on 98% of days
  • Smog gets trapped under inversion layer
  • Severe pollution
27
Q

Water pollution in Mexixo

A
  • Main aquifer polluted by industrial waste
  • Sewage
  • Sever pollution of water supplies
28
Q

Physical causes of pollution in London

A
  • Basin but low level

- Prevailing winds move pollution eastwards

29
Q

What are the economic causes of pollution in London?

A
  • Decline of heavy industry
  • Decline in port
  • Traffic heavy
  • London airports
30
Q

What are the social causes of pollution in London?

A
  • Density is falling

- Housing quality is rising, e.g. slums have been cleared and people no longer use coal

31
Q

What are the political causes of pollution in London?

A
  • Landfill taxes, EU targets
  • Pollution laws, e.g. Clean Air Act
  • Controls on lorry emissions with fines
  • Congestion charge – 20% fall
  • Recycling policy – 20%
32
Q

Air pollution in London

A
  • Ozone levels high in summer
  • Nitrous oxide levels exceed EU limit for 0.3 million of the population
  • Pollution trapped underground
33
Q

Water pollution in London

A
  • Vastly reduced due to new sewage plants, decline of port and heavy industry
  • Salmon have returned to River Thames

Development and Inequalities (5 decks)

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