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Development and Inequalities > In what ways do countries vary in their levels of economic development and quality of life? > Flashcards

In what ways do countries vary in their levels of economic development and quality of life? Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

A process of change within countries and their societies

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2
Q

What is international development?

A

the journey the world must take in order for poor countries to become prosperous countries (and so reducing global inequality)

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3
Q

What is the aim for most countries?

A

To develop sustainable economic growth that supports economic development

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4
Q

What does the best economic development create?

A

jobs, raises incomes and increases tax revenue so that governments can support both hard and soft infrastructure.

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5
Q

What is economic growth?

A

The growth of a country’s economy leading to a rise in the general level of prosperity

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6
Q

What is quality of life?

A
  • Psychological – about happiness, fulfilment, security
  • Physical – diet health
  • Socio-economic – employment prospects, leisure
  • Cultural
  • Political – freedom, security
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7
Q

What are demographic quantitive measures of development?

A
  • Level of birth rate (BR) death rate (DR)
  • Population Density
  • Diet: daily calorie supply (percentage of needs) percentage malnourished
  • Health: infant mortality, life expectancy in years, percentage obese
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8
Q

What are economic quantitive measures of development?

A
  • Income or wealth per head, e.g. gross domestic product (GDP) per head
  • Possessions, e.g. cars per 100 people, percentage with TVs. Computers
  • Employment: percentage in primary, percentage unemployed or underemployed
  • Levels of saving/investment per head
  • Infrastructure, e.g. kilometres of road, percentage with phones
  • Consumption levels e.g. power consumption
  • Average annual rate of economic growth
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9
Q

What are social quantitive measures of development?

A
  • Percentage of total income/wealth that the richest 10% have
  • Education: adult literacy (percentage), percentage of 5-year0olds in school, percentage at university
  • Percentage of teenage pregnancies, percentage on drugs
  • Services: doctors, dentists per 1000 people, number of library books taken out per year
  • Crime/violence: murders per 1000 people, number in prison
  • Housing, e.g. percentage with indoor toilet, percentage owner occupies
  • Communications: phone subscribers per 1000
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10
Q

What are political quantitive measures of development?

A
  • Percentage voting in elections
  • Size of police force/army
  • Percentage of industry that is state owned
  • Number of political prisoners
  • Environmental pollution e.g. CO2 emissions, percentage rivers polluted
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11
Q

Name two combined quantitive measures

A
  • The Human Development Index HDI – this takes into account three variables, which are given equal weighting: income per capita, adult literacy and life expectancy.
  • Quality of Life Index (QLI)
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12
Q

What are the three variables of HDI?

A

income per capita, adult literacy and life expectancy.

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13
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross Domestic Product per capita – the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year divided by its population

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14
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross National Income per capita – the total value of all the goods and services produced by resident producers plus net receipts of primary income from domestic workers/firms abroad, divided by the total population of the country

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15
Q

What are qualitative measures?

A
  • Literal descriptions of the lives of poor people provide us with a vivid and personalised view of what poverty really means
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16
Q

What is the advantage of using qualitative measures?

A
  • Statistical measures fail to convey the suffering and the daily struggles of hundreds of millions of people, especially in LEDCs
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17
Q

What are the income bands?

A

Low Income: $1,005 or less
Lower Middle Income: $1,006 - $3,975
Upper Middle Income: $3,976 - $12,275
High Income: $12,276 or more

18
Q

Name some problems of measures of development

A
  • Often unclear what it means, e.g. population per doctor – what type of doctor? Where located? Ignores number of visits to doctors etc
  • Accuracy of measurement is suspect in some countries e.g. North Korea
  • Hides regional variations within countries, e.g. massive differences between Delhi in India and the remote mountains of Kashmir
  • Hides distribution between groups in society e.g. gender, age, ethnicity differences
  • Differences in the exchange rates often confuse things when all based on US$
19
Q

Where is Afghanistan?

A

Asia - landlocked

20
Q

Is Afghanistan poor?

A

One of the poorest and least developed countries in the world

21
Q

How many % of the population live below the poverty line?

A

53%

22
Q

What is the main source of income for people in Afghanistan?

A
  • Agriculture is the mainstay of the Afghan economy, supporting 80% of the population
23
Q

What is Afghanistan (LEDC, NIC, MEDC)

A

LEDC

24
Q

Why is Afghanistan classed as an LEDC? (factors)

A
  • Over half of all older children are not in school, public health is poor, and much of the population suffers shortages of housing, clean water, health care and jobs
25
Q

Why is Afghanistan an LEDC? (causes)

A
  • Depends heavily on foreign aid and he illicit production and trade in opium
  • Lack of economic development in the past 40 years has been due in large measure to the country’s political instability
  • According to the UN, there are 130,000 long term displaced Afghans in the country, plus thousands of refugees from neighbouring Pakistan and Iran
  • Government corruption and poorly educated and largely unskilled workforce
  • Discrimination against women and girls has greatly reduced Afghanistan’s economic potential. Only one third of children in school are girls – traditionally women banned from public life
  • Inequality evident in mortality statistics: rates of maternal mortality in the poorest districts – up to 6.5 mothers for every 100 live births - are the highest in the world
26
Q

What is South Korea (LEDC, NIC, MEDC)

A

NIC

27
Q

Where is South Korea?

A

East Asia

28
Q

What is economic growth due to?

A

Industrialisation

29
Q

Sponsored and directed by governement, industrial development is focused on what? - South Korea

A

Export industries

30
Q

At the heart of South Koreas industrialisation, what huge transnational companies have emerged?

A
  • Samsung
  • LG
  • Hyundai
31
Q

Do men and women have a fairly equal status in South Korea?

A

Yes

32
Q

Where is Denmark?

A

North west Europe

33
Q

How big is Denmark?

A

Small

34
Q

How are Denmark’s GDP per capita and material standard of living amongst its people?

A

Amongst the highest in the world

35
Q

What is Denmark’s economic success due to?

A
  • Founded on good governance and its human capital, in particular its highly educated workforce
36
Q

Where does economic success centre in Denmark?

A

High tech agriculture and thousands of small businesses enterprises which emphasis design and quality

37
Q

Social and political circumstances in Denmark gives its citizens a ____ quality of life

A

high

38
Q

In the UN’s 2007-2008 human development index, where was Denmark ranked?

A

14th

39
Q

What is Denmarks welfare system like

A
  • generous
40
Q

How come Denmark has eliminated poverty?

A

It has a generous welfare system and redistributive tax system

41
Q

The average difference between the most prosperous and least prosperous Danes is….

A

the lowest in the world

Development and Inequalities (5 decks)

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