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IMS > IMS W6 Chemistry > Flashcards

IMS W6 Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Salinity

A

Salinity is relative to the conductivity of a standard KCl solution at a given temperature and pressure

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2
Q

Sea water composition(8)

A

Water, chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, bicarbonate, calcium, potassium

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3
Q

Cations

A

(+)

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4
Q

Anions

A

(-)

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5
Q

Conservative ions

A

Concentrations are not affected by processes other than precipitation and evaporation.

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6
Q

Atlantic more saline

A

More river input in the Pacific

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7
Q

Deep water formation

A

Cold and salt water. At the poles.

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8
Q

Effect of compression

A

Due to the change in pressure the temperature changes. Potential temperature takes this into account.

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9
Q

Alkalinity CBA

A

Due to a difference in cations and anions the CBA will make up the electroneutrality of the water. Seawater is NOT river water.
Ocean more Cl- and Na+
Rivers more Ca+, HCO3- and H4SiO4

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10
Q

Sources of ions of seawater(6)

A
  • River inflow
  • Particles transported by wind
  • Evaporites
  • Authigenic mineral formation: happens in the sediment
  • Hydrothermal circulation
  • Planktonic tests: shell that the plankton create by taking dissolved ion and make a mineral
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11
Q

Where do salts come from?

A
  • Chemical weathering: happens on land (bicarbonate, fluoride, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, strontium)
  • Volcanism (chloride, sulphate, bromide, borate)
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12
Q

Where do salts go?

A
  • Biogenic minerals
  • Authigenic minerals
  • Evaporites
  • Interactions with silicates and ion-exchange processes
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13
Q

Reverse weathering

A

Based on evidence K+ and Mg+ have a process of reverse weathering as they reduce when increasing depth.

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14
Q

Scavenged/absorbed elements

A

Elements stick to particles and are removed to sediments
- Low concentrations
- Deep Atlantic is higher than Deep Pacific
- Short residence time

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15
Q

Nutrients

A

Low at the surface (primary production) and high in depth due to decomposition. Deep Pacific is higher than deep Atlantic.
Intermediate residence times.

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16
Q

Solubility of gases

A

Henry’s law: C = k,h,c * fc
Follow ideal gas law: C = k,h * patm
Temperature increase lowers gas solubility

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17
Q

Organic carbon budget

A

50 primary production: coastal 6 and open ocean 47
10 exported
2 deposited
0.2 buried

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18
Q

Production

A

Proportional to biomass of phytoplankton under optimal conditions but may be limited by conditions and resources.
Limiting factors:
- light (turbidity)
- temperature (diversity and more range or one species and high productivity)
- nutrients (tangent)
- irradiance (light scattered by water particles, less in open ocean)
Vertical distribution plankton –> most in euphotic zone along the coast.

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19
Q

Coast vs open ocean primary production

A

Coast has more nutrients due to upwelling and weathering. Have less light and more irradiance.

20
Q

Redfield ratio

A

organic matter is 100% reflective of what is in the phytoplankton.C:N:P 106:16:1.

(CH2O)106 + (NH3)16 + (H3PO4) + 138(O2) <– –> 106(CO2) + 16(HNO3) + (H3PO4) + 122(H20)
O2: C ratio is about 1.3

21
Q

Oxygen budget(4)

A
  • Air-sea exchange
  • Sediment uptake (only in the coastal zones)
  • Physical transports
  • Balance between water-column primary production and respiration
22
Q

Hypoxia

A

< 2mg per L O2
Eutrophication: excess nutrients –> phytoplankton blooms –> die and get consumed –> remineralization or organic matter

Higher T decreases solubility of O2

23
Q

Acid vs Base

A

Acid donates proton. Strong acid –> decrease in alkalinity.
Base accepts proton. Strong base –> increase in alkalinity.

24
Q

Carbonate system

A

The formulas of CO2 in the water with dissolution and precipitation.

25
Q

TCO2

A

Sum of all dissolved inorganic carbon species. The pH scale that schanges.

26
Q

TA

A

Toal alkalinity: excess of proton acceptors over proton donors with respect to a level of zero protons.

27
Q

Charge balance

A

What alkalinity fixes in the seawater. Almost all done with carbon based acceptors

28
Q

The solubility pump

A

Process that transports inorganic carbon from the surface to the interior of the ocean.

29
Q

Relaxation time

A

Time to return to a relaxed state again after a shock. CO2 has a slow relaxation time.

30
Q

Long term carbon cycle

A

Weathering
Dissolution
Precipitation

31
Q

Solubility of calcium carbonate depends on

A
  • Salinity (more soluble in seawater than freshwater)
  • Temperature (colder more soluble, higher Ksp)
  • Pressure (higher more soluble, higher Ksp)
  • Mineral form (Calcite vs. Aragonite) Some clams create aragonite when they are in the birth stage as it will cost less energy. When passing the juvenile state they will change to calcite.
32
Q

Saturation horizon

A

boundary between supersaturated and undersaturated conditions. above the line precipitation of plankton is favored.

33
Q

Carbonate compensation depth (CCD)

A

Rate of supply of calcium carbonate minerals equals rate of dissolution

34
Q

Lyscocline

A

Zone between saturation horizon and CCD, snow line can be seen underneath this line (visual)

35
Q

Distribution of inorganic carbon

A

Soft tissue/biological pump: C transported downwards by organic material
Carbonate (counter) pump: formation of CaCO2 skeletons

36
Q

Ocean acidification

A

Open ocean: real correlation with CO2
Coastal areas: harder to research.
Mayor impact and multi-stressor

37
Q

Permeable

A

How easy fluid can flow trough a substance

38
Q

Sediment

A

Mixture of solutes (dissolved ions) and solids

39
Q

Bioturbation

A

Transport of solid particles caused by the activity of benthic organisms

40
Q

Bio irrigation

A

Transport of solutes caused by the activity of benthic organisms

41
Q

Types of feeders

A

Deposit: sea cucumber and worms
Filter feeders: clams

42
Q

Consequences bio turbation and irrigation

A

Sedimentation, radioactive decay and transport. Pb (led) is transported trough the sediment by benthic organisms.

43
Q

When is the sediment oxic?

A

The POC flux and rate of remineralization determines if sediment is oxic or anoxic.
Coastal: high SO2 due to high POC and high sedimentation rate.

44
Q

Order electron acceptors sediment

A

Oxygen
Nitrate
Manganese
Iron
Sulfate
Metganogenesis

45
Q

Where does burial occur?

A

High productivity and low oxygen

IMS (5 decks)

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