IMS W5 Biology

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Classifying organisms.
- morphological characteristics
- genes
- genomes

Question 2

Convergent evolution

Answer 2

Organisms from different marine environments that evolved convergently with other organisms as it was the most efficient outcome.

Question 3

Species

Answer 3

group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms

Question 4

Life

Answer 4

Ability of living things to capture, store, and transmit energy and the ability to reproduce.

Question 5

Main elements of life

Answer 5

Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and silicon
Iron and trace metals

Question 6

Food chain

Answer 6

Linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass. Different tophic levels with only 10% of energy being transported to the level above.

Question 7

Levels in food web

Answer 7

Primary producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Quaternary consumers
Apex consumers

Question 8

Causes loss of energy between levels

Answer 8

• Energy dissipated as heat during respiration
• Part of the organic matter and leave the body as feces
• Not all of the individual organisms in a trophic level will get eaten by organisms in the next level up

Question 9

Bottom level

Answer 9

decomposers
detritivores

Question 10

Factionation

Answer 10

Method to understand how the foodweb works. Looking at the N isotopes or C isotopes and see how the heavier isotopes move through the food web.

Question 11

Functional diversity of marine organisms

Answer 11

Energy assimilation
Trophic position
Habitat
Feeding strategy

Question 12

Physical factors affecting organisms (7)

Answer 12

Light
Dissolved gases
Temperature
Salinity
Acid-base balance
Hydrostatic pressure
Nutrients

Question 13

Adaptation strategies (10)

Answer 13

• Swim bladder for buoyancy
• Gills
• Streamlined
• Insulation
• Holding breath
• Luminous lure
• Smoke screen
• Counter-illumination
• Separable body part
• The burglar alarm

Question 14

Feeding relationships

Answer 14

o Mutualism: both organisms benefit
o Commensalism: one benefits and the other is not harmed or benefited
o Parasitism: parasite benefits while host is harmed

Question 15

Areas of the ocean

Answer 15

• Photic and aphotic zones
• Hydrostatic pressure
• Temperature differentiation
• Saline differentiation
• Nutrient differentiation
• Oxygen: oxygen minimum zones and deep in the sediments.

Question 16

2 groups of pelagic organisms

Answer 16

• The plankton drift or swim weakly, going where the ocean goes, unable to move consistently against waves or current flow.
• The nekton are pelagic organisms that actively swim.

Question 17

4 most abundant types of plankton

Answer 17

• Picoplankton – this category encompasses most other plankton types, which are very small. Almost always photosynthetic. Most abundant plankton and takes care of a lot of nutrients in the ocean.
• Diatoms – the dominant and most productive of the photosynthetic plankton. Found in different places in the ocean as they have different strategies of photosynthesis.
• Dinoflagellates – widely distributed single celled phytoplankton; use flagella to move. To be found in bloom situations. Bioluminescent plankton: can outgrow other organisms.
• Coccolithophores – small single-celled autotrophs.

Question 18

Carbon cycle

Answer 18

Viral shunt/microbial loop
Heterotrophic loop

Question 19

Different types of groups plankton

Answer 19

Zooplankton: heterotrophic plankton
Holoplankton: staying their whole life in the plankton community
Meroplankton: only in the juvenile stages in the plankton community.

Question 20

Seaweed classification

Answer 20

• Chlorophytes are green due to the presence of chlorophyll and the lack of accessory pigments.
• Phaeophytes are brown. They contain chlorophyll and the secondary pigment fucoxanthin.
• Rhodophytes get their red color from the accessory pigments called phycobilin’s.

Question 21

Marine angiosperms

Answer 21

Sea grasses
Mangroves

Question 22

Community

Answer 22

Composed of many populations that interact in a certain location

Question 23

Population

Answer 23

Group of organisms of the same species that occupy a specific area.

Question 24

Habitat

Answer 24

Organisms physical location in its community

Question 25

Niche

Answer 25

Its occupation within that habitat. Relationship with food, enemies and primary functions

Question 26

Different type of communities (8)

Answer 26

• Rocky intertidal communities
• Seaweed communities
• Sand beach and cobble beach communities
• Salt marsh and estuary communities
• Coral reef communities
• Open ocean communities
• Deep sea floor communities
• Hydrothermal vent and cold seep communities: black smokers

Question 27

Coral bleaching

Answer 27

• High surface water temperatures
• Elevated UV levels
• Decrease in sunlight block atmosphere particles
• Pollution
• Salinity changes
• Disease

Question 28

Tubeworm

Answer 28

Mutualism with a bacteria that is a chemolithoautotroph –> sulfur oxidizers.

Question 29

Classification of all organisms

Answer 29

Energy source
- Photo
- Chemo
Reducing power (e-donor)
- Organo
- Litho
Carbon source
- Heterotroph
- Autotroph
- Mixed