Impoved Communications And Transport Flashcards
Why did treaty ports increase growth of water transport in the 1860s/1870s?
Foreigners became interested in controlling inland waterways for access to resources
How many treaty ports were there in 1900 compared to 1842?
50, only 5 in 1842
What canal was the model for development for inland waterways?
Imperial canal
What was the Qing - owned steam ship company?
China’s Merchant Steam navigation company (1872)
What was the name of the European run steam ship company?
Shanghai steam navigation company
What was the issue with the Qing controlled ships?
Qing ships were often weaker as not as expensive due to a lack of funding, in 1877 the Qing had 33 ships but by 1900 23 had run down
What country were the first to use steamships in the 1860s?
Britain
Which country also used gunboats in 1860s?
USA in the Yangtze River
How were Chinese steamships hampered by government control?
Forced to run unprofitable routes Europeans didn’t because profit wasn’t prioritised - forced heavy subsidisation (taxes)
Why were British ships able to thrive in China in the late 1800s?
British bank investment + extraterritoriality so weren’t controlled by Qing
Why did the Boxer rebellion cause issues with water transport?
Foreign steamships were recognised as an issue to be destroyed
What issues did the growth of British steamships in China cause to the economy?
Damaged artisan economy
What issues did the growth of water transport cause to Chinese attitudes?
Westerns powers dominated the waterways , scared the Chinese of change
What are examples of Chinese developments in water transport?
Fuzhou shipyard, modernised navy
What was the significance of the growth of steamships in China to western powers?
The first major western economic advance in China due to the access to all inland China now
Which area of China saw great developments in steel industry in the 1870s?
Baoshan
Why did railways develop faster in the North that the South?
Less need for railways in the South due to more waterways
What occurred due to the development in the Baoshan Steel industry in the 1870s?
1876, uprisings in Baoshan due to anger of ignoring Feng Shi practices) + increased spread of missionaries which led to the boxer rebellion
How did growth in the Baoshan Steel industry affect railways?
1881 - railways used more as a method to move coal to Tianjin Port
Which railway was built in 1897, and what was the reason for this?
1897 Trans Siberian Railway, created to give Russia power over Manchuria
When were China given the Trans Siberian Railway?
1952
Which railway was built in 1904, and what was the cause for this?
French-Belgian railway, tried to connect with Russian railway to create a monopoly in the north - largely due to Scramble for China
What fact about railways after the Scramble for China in 1904 shows the power of foreigners in China?
There were 9000 miles of railway in China, only 120 miles were owned by China
How did the Chinese middle class try and stop foreign control over railways in early 1900s?
Raised money to lay their own rail tracks to stop foreigners
What did the Rights Recovery Movement of 1904 try and control?
Foreign control of railways
What were the impacts of Qing dismantling railways in 1911?
Revolutions
What did the Qing government also attempt to do in 1904 regarding railways?
Attempted to renationalise the railway system to help the Qing gain revenue and get themselves out of debt
What did Sun-Yat Sen attempt to do after 1911 regarding railways, and what was the reason for this?
Aimed to build 70,000 miles of railway - wanted to encourage modernisation and bind together warlords
Why did Sun-Yat Sen’s railway plans after 1911 ultimately fail?
There was a lack of funding - 160,000 miles wanted costing $3 billion dollars - lack of investors as wanted to nationalise railway
Why did foreign CKS try and encourage foreign investment into railways after 1928?
Many railways had been destroyed due to warlord era - lack of foreign investment after
How did Japan utilise railways in the 1930s, and what impact did this have on China?
Japan used the Manchurian Railway network to support Japanese development of coal and industry in Manchugo - increased Japanese threat to China
What was the reason for Chiang’ 5 year railway construction plan in 1936?
GMD wanted to starve the CCP
What did PRC do to railways between 1949-65?
Nationalised railways and built 7000 miles of track annually between 1949-65
What were the issues regarding railway construction between 1949-65?
Unskilled labour meant lots of lines were poor quality
What were the overall negative impacts of CCP railway building before 1964?
Led to poor treatment of peasants, also contributed to famine as created Hugh levels of food wastage as food couldn’t be transported due to poor quality lines (I,e 1959, Hunan, 140,000 tonnes of food not transported)
How did development of railways help in the Great Famine 1968-62?
Helped connect remote parts of China I,e Tibet
Why was 60% of new railway built to the West after 1964?
Mao feared a Western invasion so wanted to create a Third Western Line as defence
By how much did railway usage fall during the cultural revolution, and what was the reason for this?
20% - many railways were damaged , BUT many red guards used railways to get to rural areas to spread CCP message
Why did the government improve railways after 1975, and how did they do this?
Current railways were insufficient to match transport needs as poor quality, Deng bough in skilled workers to improve quality + productivity
Main road developments 1860-1942
Burma road (700 miles), in 1936 71,457 miles of road, encirclement of CCP campaign saw 1500 miles of rod built
Main causes of road development 1860-1942
Reduce reliance on water systems, GMD era roads were used to wage war against the CCP/Japanese
Challenges facing road developments 1850-1942
Rural areas difficult to develop as difficult to transport materials, large number of labourers displaced workers from cities
Impacts of road developments 1860-1942
Drivers became a well paid job, allowed China to hold Japan off for longer as easier movement of materials/people
Causes of telegraph developments 1869-1940
Develop communications between foreigners and China
Examples of telegraph developments 1869-1940
1869 China Submarine Telephone Company (linked treaty ports), 1871 China linked to Europe via Singapore and India, 1887 - 76 telegraph stations in China, California Telegraph Company links USA to China (1921)
Challenges facing telegraph development 1869-1940?
Telegraphs targeted during boxer rebellion, Qing government reluctant to use them as wary of spies, stations closed in 1930 as USA pulled out financial support due to Chinese nationalist pressure, 1937, Japan targeted telegraphs in their invasion of China
Causes of air transport development 1929-1997
USA introduction in the 1930, Deng encouraged air transport developments when he came to power in 1976 as saw the economic benefits it could bring for trade
Examples of air transport developments 1929-1997
1929 USA started China airways, Chinese national Aviation Corporation 1937, 1980 Deng privatised CAAC ( 4x as many aircraft in 1989 than 1979 ), Deng increased passenger travel by 439% in 1980s
Challenges to development of air transport 1929-1997
1949 Civil War, priority with USSR focused on military jets, cultural revolution - 30 plane accidents between 1966-76, Mao believed plane was luxury travel so didn’t care to invest into it
Impact of developments of air transport 1929-1997
Enabled mass migration in 1980/90s, more mobile labour force, increased economic growth BUT still less advanced than Western countries by 1997
