Growth Of Mining And Manufacturing 1860-1997

Question 1

What is a domestic economy?

Answer 1

Small scale economies, mainly household level meeting basic needs

Question 2

What was textile production like pre 1860?

Answer 2

Most production done by individual workers, lack of industrialisation, many workers lived in rural areas

Question 3

Examples of developments of textile productions 1860-1930

Answer 3

1890s, Chinese industrialisation measured on British factory + factory production of Cotten only surpassed domestic production in 1936

Question 4

Causes of development in textile industry 1860-1930

Answer 4

Need for industrialisation as domestic cotton very expensive (1870s, cotton was imported in from India as cheaper than Chinese cotton) - in 1900 China was the World’s biggest cotton importer, treaty ports led to British investment into factories

Question 5

Impact of textile developments 1860-1930

Answer 5

Created labour opportunities in urban areas ( 131,000 workers in Shanghai in 1931 (50%) ), increased labour for women, growth of trade unions (2.2 strikers per 1000 workers’

Question 6

Example of industrialisation on textile industry 1860-1930

Answer 6

Labour contractors receive money , large-scale factories, poor pay leading to growth of trade unions

Question 7

Why May some Japanese and Chinese businessmen believed the Japanese occupation of Manchuria could have been mutually beneficial?

Answer 7

Believed Japan could teach China how to modernise

Question 8

How did Japan industrialise infrastructure in Manchuria?

Answer 8

Rail expansion + road, construction of towns, roads and telegraphs - Japan did this by transporting coal to Manchuria

Question 9

How did Japan develop the economy of Manchuria 1930s?

Answer 9

$6 billion yen investment from Japan to Manchuko

Question 10

How did the Kwangtung Army industrialise Manchuria in the 1930s?

Answer 10

Expansion of South Manchuria Railways (1930s), Mantsu Line grew value from $160 million yen to $1 billion yen in 20 years

Question 11

What was the impact of Japan’s industrialisation of Manchuria on China?

Answer 11

Japan focused more in Manchuria, railway links helped China, increasing Japanese presence unnerved China

Question 12

Examples of German industrialisation in China

Answer 12

Germany sold arms to China in 1920s civil war (opened way for new industries), Germany invested in Chinese roads/railways for raw materials (1930s), factories/chemical plants built (German expertise/finance)

Question 13

What was the PRC’s aim for the first 5 year plan?

Answer 13

Improve industrial production

Question 14

Arguments in favour of the first 5 year plan being successful?

Answer 14

Productivity increased (steel, 1.3 million tonnes produced in 1952 compared to 5.2 million tonnes in 1957), coal production also doubled

Question 15

Arguments against the success of the first 5 year plan?

Answer 15

Over-dependence on USSR aid - lead to high levels of debts for rubber/raw materials, caused Great Famine (1958-62) as grain was sent to Russia to repay debts - 40 million died

Question 16

How were the PRC able to increased industrial output during the first 5 year plan?

Answer 16

More money was spent on economic development (25.5% in 1950 - 51.4% in 1957) , increased economy size ( 6810 million yuan in 1950 - 29,020 million yuan in 1957)

Question 17

What other factors helped the First Fiver Year Plan succeed?

Answer 17

USSR aid (2 million roubles loan + USSR aided 156/694 industrial developments), 800,000 businesses handed over control due to nationalisation

Question 18

Examples of development of electrification 1949-1987

Answer 18

1949 there were 33 hydroelectric plants (rural areas only received 0.5% of total electricity), 1958 CCP controlled China’s electric plants, 1977 local councils took control of electric plants (more electricity to rural areas), 1983-1997 building of coal-fired power stations

Question 19

Factors that caused growth in Chinese electrification 1949-1987

Answer 19

1958, 1/6 of Chinese population working in dams or irrigation projects, 1977 40% of rural areas had no electricity for cooking, population growth increased demand for electricity

Question 20

Successful impacts of growth in electrification in China between 1949-1987

Answer 20

Between 1949-1999, 1 billion more people had electricity, aided the CCP as loudspeakers spread Maoist propaganda, 1977+ electricity aided growth of small businesses in SEZs

Question 21

Negative impacts of growth in electrification in China 1949-1987

Answer 21

Caused the Great Famine as focus shifted off crops, created air pollution

Question 22

Mao’s contribution to Chinese technological innovation 1970+

Answer 22

1972, Nixon visited China and Mao agreed a technology transfer with USA (however not in place until 1979), SEZs - allowed foreigners to work and invest into China with no government controls

Question 23

Deng’s contribution to Chinese technological innovation 1970+

Answer 23

Visited USA in 1978 and signed 25 protocols for co-operation, increased trade allowing access to new technology (1985 exports reached $25 billion, only $10 billion in 1978), 1992 Deng voted younger ‘technocrats’ into power, rehabilitated academics to return them to education

Question 24

Soviet Union influence on Chinese technological innovation 1970+

Answer 24

Created fear in China which allowed Mao to be more open to trade with USA, however Korean War stalemate decreased fear of USSR

Question 25

USA influence on Chinese technological innovation 1970+

Answer 25

Early exports to China allowed SEZs to develop

Question 26

Criteria for success of industrialisation in China?

Answer 26

Stable economy, machines/modernisation, agricultural reform, middle-class creation, economic growth, urbanisation, trade surplus, transport growth