Important Theories

Question 1

Old Theory: Nature vs Nurture

Answer 1

nature: genetics and biology, you were born this way
nurture: shaped by environment

old understanding was that it was one or the other

Question 2

BioPsychoSocial-Cultural Model

Answer 2

Biological - factors relating to genetics and evolution that create traits and functions

Psychological - factors relating to emotions, behaviors, thoughts

Social-Cultural - socio-economical and social environment

Question 3

Psychoanalytic (Freud)

What are the 3 aspects of personality?

Answer 3

Id (pleasure, unconscious)
Ego (reality and problem solving)
Superego (social conscious)

Question 4

What are the Psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 4

focused on pleasurable sensations
Year 1 (Oral)
Year 2 (anal)
Year 3-6 (Phallic) - sexual
Year 7-puberty (Latency) - modeling adults
Adolescence (genital stage) - sexual desires

Question 5

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Answer 5

understanding of individuals and interactions with others. Involves trust, ego, independence.

Emphasis on continual development through social and environmental factors

Question 6

What are the 8 stages of the Psychosocial theory?

Answer 6

Trust vs Mistrust (birth - 12/18 months) - developed if needs are met

Autonomy vs Shame (12/18 months - 3 years) - freedom or overprotected

Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 yrs) - positive and negatives of exploring

Question 7

8 Stages of Psychosocial continued

Answer 7

Industry vs Inferiority (6 -adolescence) - society’s influence

Identity vs role (12-20) - finding one’s identity

Intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood, 20-40) - either being social or becoming a homebody

Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60) - feeling accomplished, mid-life crisis

Ego vs Despair (60 - death) - mentor or useless

Question 8

Behaviorists

Answer 8

rejects stages of life, observes others, qualitative research,

Watson (classical conditioning, control through environment) and BF Skinner (operant conditioning) - reinforcing or punishing behavior

Question 9

Piaget and Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 9

4 stages for children - engagement with environment

1. Sensorimotor Stage - sensations
2. Preoperational stage (2-7yrs) - major learning and observation
3. Concrete Operationl (7-11yrs) - logical thinking
4. Formal Operational (12-up) - philosophical

Question 10

Neo-Piagetian Theory

Answer 10

heavy emphasis on experience and technological involvement

Question 11

Vygotsky

Answer 11

child learns socially and culturally

Question 12

John Bowlby - Internal Working Model

Answer 12

how one chooses to view the world. affected by parents and friends

Question 13

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 13

Top to bottom

1. Self-actualization
2. Esteem needs
3. Belongingness and love
4. safety
5. food, water, sleep

Question 14

Behavior Theory

Answer 14

how human actions and emotions develop, are sustained and extinguished through learning

Question 15

Bandura: Social Learning Theory

Answer 15

We learn through interacting with others and more importantly, role models

Question 16

Attachment Theory

Answer 16

bonds between people and how they evolve and form

Question 17

Styles of Attachment

Answer 17

Ambivalent anxious - distressed when caregiver leaves. Trust is broken

Avoidant - avoid interaction

Disorganized - confused and unusual behavior

Secure - comfortable with seeking support

Question 18

Humanistic Theory

Answer 18

free-will and self-actualization. Humanistic Theory focuses on conscious decisions and self-motivated to be good and improve.

Maslow - hierarchy of needs

Rogers - growth promoting

Question 19

Prochaska and DiClemente: Transtheoretical Stages of Change Theory

Answer 19

A. Precontemplation - uncertainty and disinterest

B. Contemplation - info gathering, reflection

C. Preparation - significant increase in thinking about solutions and thoughts about future increase

D. Action - motivation, purpose, activity

E. Maintenance - commitment, stamina