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important stuff Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

actin controls movement …. cell

A

of

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2
Q

microtubules control movement … cell

A

within

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3
Q

intermediate filaments control

A

structural strength

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4
Q

function of actin

A

cell migration

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5
Q

function of microtubules

A

segregates chromosomes for cell division

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6
Q

actin - polarised or not polarised

A

polarised

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7
Q

microtubules - polarised or not polarised

A

polarised

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8
Q

intermediate filaments - polarised or not polarised

A

not polarised

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9
Q

smallest to largest: actin, microtubule, IF, DNA, mitotic chromosome

A

DNA
actin
IF
microtubule
mitotic chromosome

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10
Q

drugs that destabilise microtubules

A

nocodazole
colchicine
vinblastine

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11
Q

what can cross membrane unassisted

A

nitrogen, water, urea, cholesterol

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12
Q

glut 1 (facilitated glucose transporter)

A

glucose uptake by BBB, erythrocytes

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13
Q

glut 2 (facilitated glucose transporter)

A

glucose uptake by liver, kidney when blood glucose is high

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14
Q

glut 3 (facilitated glucose transporter)

A

glucose uptake by neurones

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15
Q

glut 4 (facilitated glucose transporter)

A

glucose uptake by insulin, muscle

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16
Q

which facilitated glucose transporter has high affinity

A

glut 1 and glut 3

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17
Q

which facilitated glucose transporter has lowest affinity

A

glut 2

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18
Q

sodium glucose symporters include

A

SGLT 1
SGLT 2

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19
Q

most neurones in the CNS are sensory/motor neurones

A

motor neurones

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20
Q

most neurones in the CNS are multipolar/unipolar

A

multipolar

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21
Q

rare neurones in vertebrates

A

unipolar

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22
Q

most sensory afferents are

A

pseudo-unipolar

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23
Q

interneurons vs sensory/motor, which ones are completely in CNS

A

interneurons, sensory/motor have peripheral axons

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24
Q

somatic PNS consist of:

A

motor fibres - somatic efferents away from CNS
sensory fibres - somatic afferents towards CNS

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25
Q

visceral PNS consists of:

A

autonomic NS - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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26
Q

brain - where is white and grey matter

A

white inside, grey outside

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27
Q

spinal cord - where is white and grey matter

A

grey inside, white outside

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28
Q

white matter is

A

myelinated axons

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29
Q

grey matter is

A

cell bodies

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30
Q

biggest part of brain is called

A

cerebrum

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31
Q

cerebrum has

A

gyri - ridges
sulci - grooves between gyri
fissure - deep grooves

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32
Q

3rd and 4th ventricle are connected with central canal called

A

cerebral aqueduct

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33
Q

ventricles are filled with …. made by choroid plexus epithelium (specialised ependymal cells)

A

CSF

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34
Q

if cerebral aqueduct is blocked

A

failure to reabsorb CSF - enlarged cranium - hydrocephalus

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35
Q

CSF leaves ventricles of brain through apertures and is released into space between layers 1 and 2 - what is this space

A

sub-arachnoid space

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36
Q

innermost layer of CNS - has glia limitans

A

pia mater

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37
Q

intermediate layer of CNS - visible

A

arachnoid mater

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38
Q

outermost layer of CNS - toughest layer

A

dura mater

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39
Q

frontal lobe

A

behaviour and personality traits

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40
Q

frontal lobe

A

behaviour and personality traits

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41
Q

temporal lobe

A

memory and language

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42
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes somatosensory info

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43
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

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44
Q

cohesins

A

bundle sister chromatids

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45
Q

condensins

A

bundle loops of chromosomal DNA

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46
Q

cyclins bind to and activate

A

CDKs

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47
Q

which type of signalling is not a type of intercellular communication

A

exocrine signalling

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48
Q

adrenaline signalling - more CAMP, leads to higher

A

PKA

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49
Q

adrenaline signalling - glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase levels

A

-glycogen phosphorylase activated - increased glycogen breakdown
-glycogen synthase inhibited - decreased glycogen synthesis

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50
Q

clathrin mediated endocytosis

A

internalisation of receptors

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51
Q

conversion of …. to …. provides energy for fusion of vesicle with target membrane

A

trans-SNARE to cis-SNARE

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52
Q

exocytosis

A

allows cells to secrete factors

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53
Q

caveolin mediated endocytosis

A

allows cells to redistribute their plasma membrane

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54
Q

macropinocytosis

A

allows cells to take up fluid and nutrients

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55
Q

role of HSC70 during endocytosis

A

helps uncoat an internalised vesicle

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56
Q

how many different AB blood group antigen genotypes are there

A

6

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57
Q

necrosis

A

cell death from acute cell injury

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58
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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59
Q

excitotoxicity

A

cell death in neural tissue

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60
Q

does necrosis or apoptosis lead to an inflammatory response

A

necrosis

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61
Q

receptors on phagocytes bind to externalised …… so phagocytes can bind to cells and engulf it

A

phosphatidylserine

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62
Q

enzymes that drive apoptosis in multicellular eukaryotes

A

caspases - cysteine at active site, degrades proteins at specific aspartate residues

63
Q

how many caspase genes in human genome

A

10

64
Q

apoptosis - extrinsic pathway is also known as

A

death receptor pathway

65
Q

apoptosis - intrinsic pathway is also known as

A

mitochondrial pathway

66
Q

apoptosis - intrinsic pathway

A

cytochrome C leaked into cytoplasm from mitochondrial membrane activating a caspase

67
Q

excitotoxicity - increased levels of ….. neurotransmitter causes prolonged activation of receptors and higher levels of Ca2+

A

glutamate

68
Q

as oocytes are generated, small haploid cells called …. are formed that contain excess genetic material, not involved in embryonic development

A

polar bodies

69
Q

what do cortical granules of egg cell contain

A

hyalin

70
Q

high concentration of …. - cortical granule membrane fuses with egg membrane, which leads to cortical granule ….

A

calcium, exocytosis

71
Q

what is parthogenesis

A

development of embryo from unfertilised egg cell

72
Q

in female mammals, where is the second meiotic division completed

A

oviduct

73
Q

what determines the specificity of an immunoglobulin for an antigen?

A

junction between V, D and J regions

74
Q

embryonic stem cells make up …

A

inner cell mass of blastocyst

75
Q

ES cells are pluripotent -

A

has the potential to generate all cell types in our body

76
Q

fertilised egg is totipotent -

A

can make all organs and cells of the body

77
Q

tissue stem cells are multipotent

A

give rise to cell types of a specific tissue

78
Q

haematopoietic stem cells isolate from bone marrow blood and divides, differentiates into either:

A

myeloid stem cell
lymphoid stem cell

79
Q

myeloid stem cells generates

A

erythrocytes, neutrophil, eosinophil, WBC, macrophages destroy foreign material

80
Q

lymphoid stem cells generates

A

generates T cell, B cells

81
Q

stem cells –> ….. > specialised cells

A

committed progenitors

82
Q

stem cell signals

A

humoral, structural, metabolic, paracrine, neural

83
Q

iPSCs have similar properties to embryonic stem cells but

A

bypass ethical issues

84
Q

iPSCs - cytoplasm of an egg contains

A

pluripotency factors which enables DNA to turn on genes and generate a new animal

85
Q

which organisms never undergo apoptosis

A

bacteria

86
Q

which stage of meiosis are primary oocytes

A

prophase I

87
Q

down’s Syndrome can be caused by a failure of

A

mitotic spindle checkpoint

88
Q

which germ layer are skeletal muscles derived from

A

mesoderm

89
Q

lack of oxygen on the cellular level

A

necrosis

90
Q

which cell organelle is Nissl substance associated with

A

rough ER

91
Q

which factor directs the shuttling of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm

A

exportin

92
Q

why are viruses not ‘living’ organisms

A

they can’t reproduce independently

93
Q

what is the MTOC of microtubules

A

microtubule organising centre - where microtubules originates from, organisation of microtubules

94
Q

what is the centrosome of microtubules

A

cells organising centre for microtubule growth,
duplicated during mitosis

95
Q

drug that stabilises microtubules

A

taxol

96
Q

2 types of ECM - basement membrane

A

2D which has epithelial cells tightly packed

97
Q

2 types of ECM - fibrillar matrix

A

3D which has sparse mesenchymal cells

98
Q

occluding junction

A

tight junction

99
Q

cell-cell anchoring junctions (2)

A

adherens junction and desmosome

100
Q

channel forming junction

A

gap junction

101
Q

cell-matrix anchoring junctions (2)

A

focal adhesion and hemidesmosome

102
Q

….. from desmosome of one cell attaches to …. of desmosome of another cell

A

cadherin

103
Q

desmosome and hemidesmosome both attached to ….

A

intermediate filaments

104
Q

tight junctions -

A

diffusion barrier, seals cell off doesn’t allow passage of molecules

105
Q

gap junctions -

A
  • intracellular communication
  • connects cytoplasm of 2 connecting cells
  • in lateral membrane below tight junctions
106
Q

adherens junction and focal adhesions attached to

A

actin cytoskeleton

107
Q

cadherins = ….. dependent causing cadherins to bind if …. is present

A

calcium

108
Q

why is potassium an ion selectivity filter

A

potassium surrounded by amino acid side chains - restricts movement to a few solutes

109
Q

fill in the blanks (transport of solutes)

A
  1. carrier mediated - solute binding to protein takes time
  2. simple - passive diffusion through bilayer
110
Q

glut 4 by insulin - how

A

insulin binds to membrane receptor - translocation of glut 4 to membrane.
insulin falls - glut 4 recycled back to vesicle

111
Q

Na/K+ ATPase used to treat

A

congestive heart failure removing calcium from cytosol - dependent on sodium

112
Q

secondary active transport - sodium/glucose transporter - how does it work

A

out of cell to inside cell:
high to low sodium
causes low to high glucose

113
Q

sodium/glucose transporter - SGLT1 and SGLT2 are

A

symporters

114
Q

SGLT1

A

absorption of glucose in intenstine

115
Q

SGLT2

A

PCT of kidney to reabsorb glucose from urine

116
Q

cholera toxin binds to …. membrane, internalised by endocytosis to …. then A1 leaves and binds to …. cascade. …. activates Cl- channel so Cl- and Na+ go to gut lumen leading to diarrhoea

A

apical
ER
G protein
cAMP

117
Q

role of Na+/glucose transporter in electrolyte therapy to cure cholera

A

low –> high glucose into cell allows Na+ to come back from high –> low bringing in Cl- and water

118
Q

coverings of peripheral nerves - layers

A

-endoneurium
-perineurium
-epineurium

119
Q

perineurium - bundle of myelinated axons is called

A

fascicle

120
Q

nissl staining - what becomes visible of cell

A

ER

121
Q

what is gap junction and where

A

cardiac muscle - pores through which ions and small molecules can pass between cells. no NT

122
Q

ER - protein folding

A

chaperones

123
Q

golgi - protein folding

A

glycosylation - glycosyltransferase glycosylate proteins on surface of RBC

124
Q

NLS - nuclear localisation signals has

A

short and + amino acids

125
Q

NLS - import involves GTP …..

A

binding

126
Q

NLS - export involves GTP …..

A

hydrolysis

127
Q

animal - contractile ring divides cytoplasm from …

A

outside in

128
Q

plants - no contractile ring - cell wall divides cytoplasm from …

A

inside out

129
Q

multicellular organisms - open or closed mitosis

A

open mitosis

130
Q

unicellular organisms - open or closed mitosis

A

closed mitosis

131
Q

G1/S phase has cyclin

A

E

132
Q

M phase has cyclin

A

B

133
Q

how is M phase - cyclin B degraded

A

mitotic CDK phosphorylates nuclear lamin -
-depolymerisation of lamin
-lamin breaks down, doesn’t support nuclear membrane

134
Q

cyclin degraded by

A

proteases

135
Q

RAB proteins

A

-compartment specificity
-get motor proteins on actin/microtubules

136
Q

what dissociates cis SNARE

A

NSF

137
Q

F actin

A

transport of vesicles away from cell membrane

138
Q

alzheimers -

A

aggregation of misfolded alpha beta protein

139
Q

parkinsons -

A

incorrectly misfolded alpha synuclein

140
Q

what is never found in viruses

A

ribosomes, motor proteins

141
Q

role of lymph nodes

A

site of interaction between lymphocytes and antigens

142
Q

what tags a protein for import into mitochondria

A

stretch of alternating hydrophobic and + charged amino acids

143
Q

where does steroid hormone synthesis take place

A

smooth ER

144
Q

which gene segments first undergo recombination to assemble a functional immunoglobulin

A

heavy chain D to J recombination

145
Q

B1 adrenergic receptor (striated muscle) - effector is …..
2nd messenger is …..
-causing …

A

adenylyl cyclase
cAMP
-gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

146
Q

A1 adrenergic receptor (smooth muscle) - effector is ….
2nd messenger is ….
-causing ….

A

phospholipase C
DAG + IP3 –> Ca2+
-causing release of calcium - smooth muscle contraction

147
Q

why can drugs that interfere with microtubule dynamics be used to treat cancer

A

they prevent the proliferation of cancer cells by disrupting the mitotic spindle

148
Q

what needs to happen for a protein to enter the nucleus of a cell

A

it needs to associate with an importin molecule

149
Q

equilibrium membrane potential of an ion

A

electrical force is balanced by the osmotic force

150
Q

what structure is associated with skin blistering

A

hemidesmosomes

151
Q

post translation - import into mitochondria

A

alternating hydrophobic/+ charged amino acids form amphipathic helix

152
Q

intrinsic pathway is responsive to

A

cytotoxic drugs that entered cell and DNA damage

153
Q

fragmentation means that many new free ends of DNA will be generated
These can be detected by the

A

TUNEL assay

154
Q

the transferase recognizes the free ends and adds …. that are labelled with a marker

A

dUTPs

cell bio (2 decks)

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