immune system I

Question 1

physical barriers

Answer 1

skin, mucous membranes, cilia

Question 2

chemical barriers

Answer 2

mucous, acidic properties of the stomach

Question 3

barrier - surface epithelia can secrete specific microbicidal substances for example..

Answer 3

lysozyme

Question 4

2 arms of the immune system

Answer 4

1. innate immunity
2. adaptive immunity

Question 5

is innate immunity specific or non-specific
is innate immunity fast or slow

Answer 5

non-specific, fast

Question 6

does innate immunity involve response to infections (non-self) or response to altered self

Answer 6

both

Question 7

innate immune cells include.. (2)

Answer 7

macrophages & neutrophils

Question 8

how do macrophages and neutrophils differ in terms of death after destroying their target

Answer 8

macrophages don’t die - can continue to destroy foreign material
neutrophils - die after destroying their target

Question 9

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in liver they’re called..

Answer 9

kupffer cells

Question 10

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in bone they’re called..

Answer 10

osteoclasts

Question 11

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in kidney they’re called..

Answer 11

mesangial cells

Question 12

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in brain they’re called..

Answer 12

microglia

Question 13

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in blood they’re called..

Answer 13

macrophages

Question 14

innate immunity - other killer cells include.. (2)

Answer 14

-eosinophil
-natural killer cell

Question 15

is adaptive immunity specific or non-specific
is adaptive immunity slow or fast

Answer 15

specific, slow

Question 16

does adaptive immunity include response to infections (non-self) or response to altered self

Answer 16

both

Question 17

specific characteristic that adaptive immunity has that innate immunity doesn’t

Answer 17

has memory

Question 18

what characteristics applies to both adaptive and innate immunity (3)

Answer 18

-can be humoral or cell-mediated
-responds to infections
-responds to altered self

Question 19

adaptive immune cells include …

Answer 19

lymphocytes

Question 20

2 types of lymphocytes (adaptive immune cell)

Answer 20

B cells
T cells

Question 21

where are B cells and T cells born

Answer 21

bone marrow

Question 22

where do B cells mature, where do T cells mature

Answer 22

B cells mature in bone marrow
T cells mature in thymus

Question 23

where are B cells and T cells both activated

Answer 23

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 24

do B cells/T cells have short-term or long-term immunity

Answer 24

long-term immunity

Question 25

what is a specific characteristic of B cells

Answer 25

secrete antibodies - humoral response

Question 26

what is a specific characteristic of T cells

Answer 26

cell-mediated response (adaptive immune response)

Question 27

what do T cells have on the surface to recognise the antigen

Answer 27

specific T cell receptors (TCR)

Question 28

what do T helper cells do

Answer 28

activates B cells

Question 29

what do cytotoxic T cells do

Answer 29

specifically kills infected cells

Question 30

what do regulatory T cells do

Answer 30

helps modulate responses

Question 31

what type of T cell remembers the antigen

Answer 31

memory T cells

Question 32

why do B cells secrete antibody (2)

Answer 32

1. neutralise pathogen 2. helps phagocytes to uptake (opsonization)

Question 33

2 types of B cells

Answer 33

-B plasma cells -B memory cells

Question 34

antibodies are ..... of the .... class

Answer 34

glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin

Question 35

antibody - each Ig monomer consists of ....region and ....regions

Answer 35

FC and antigen binding FC - gives antibody its function antigen binding - part that recognises antigen - gives its specificity

Question 36

immunoglobulins of the D class are ...

Answer 36

receptors

Question 37

rarest class of immunoglobulins

Answer 37

IgEs

Question 38

IgMs form ... and are present at [5‑10%].

Answer 38

pentamers

Question 39

most common class of immunoglobulins

Answer 39

IgGs

Question 40

how is diversity of antibodies created

Answer 40

light chain can be recombined at DNA level and spliced to recreate diversity

Question 41

how is diversity of TCR created

Answer 41

recombination

Question 42

steps leading to lymphocyte activation (5)

Answer 42

1. T cell has TCR that binds to antigen on APC 2. Activated T cells clonally expand 3. T helper cells bind to B cells that have been activated by antigen 4. Activated B cells clonally expand forming plasma cells and memory cells 5. Some B and T cells are set aside as memory cells

Question 43

APC is the link between

Answer 43

innate and adaptive immunity

Question 44

professional APCs are .... cells and are born in

Answer 44

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

Question 44

professional APCs are .... cells and are born in

Answer 44

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

Question 44

professional APCs are .... cells and are born in

Answer 44

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

Question 45

professional APCs are .... cells and are born in

Answer 45

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

Question 45

professional APCs are .... cells and are born in

Answer 45

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

Question 46

professional APCs (dendritic cells) are in close contact with .....environment to search for incoming antigen

Answer 46

external

Question 47

primary lymphoid tissues are where

Answer 47

immature lymphocytes gain the ability to recognise antigens

Question 48

primary lymphoid tissues include (2)

Answer 48

bone marrow - T and B cell development thymus - T cell maturation

Question 49

primary lymphoid tissue (thymus) - what happens in cortex and medulla

Answer 49

cortex - has immature T cells - has incoming progenitor cells from bone marrow medulla - proliferation and selection of T cells, mature T cells leave medulla and enter circulation

Question 50

in adults, thymus is replaced by ...tissue

Answer 50

adipose tissue

Question 51

secondary lymphoid tissues is where

Answer 51

immune responses are carried out, LYMPHOCYTES ARE ACTIVATED

Question 52

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - is where

Answer 52

screens lymph, small organs where lymph vessels drain tissues of excess water

Question 53

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - where do T cells reside

Answer 53

paracortex in the cortex

Question 54

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - where are most T cells and B cells

Answer 54

cortex

Question 55

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - where do lymphocytes mature

Answer 55

medulla

Question 56

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - where do B cells get activated

Answer 56

follicles

Question 57

secondary lymphoid tissue - spleen - what does it do

Answer 57

screens blood borne antigens

Question 58

secondary lymphoid tissue - spleen - what is the red pulp

Answer 58

filters blood

Question 59

secondary lymphoid tissue - spleen - what is the white pulp

Answer 59

region of immune response

Question 60

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node and spleen have similar ....

Answer 60

follicles

Question 61

secondary lymphoid tissue - mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - what does it do

Answer 61

populations of immune cells in the mucosa of epithelial tissues, similar to lymph nodes

Question 62

secondary lymphoid tissue - mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - example

Answer 62

tonsils