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immune system I Flashcards

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1
Q

physical barriers

A

skin, mucous membranes, cilia

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2
Q

chemical barriers

A

mucous, acidic properties of the stomach

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3
Q

barrier - surface epithelia can secrete specific microbicidal substances for example..

A

lysozyme

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4
Q

2 arms of the immune system

A
  1. innate immunity
  2. adaptive immunity
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5
Q

is innate immunity specific or non-specific
is innate immunity fast or slow

A

non-specific, fast

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6
Q

does innate immunity involve response to infections (non-self) or response to altered self

A

both

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7
Q

innate immune cells include.. (2)

A

macrophages & neutrophils

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8
Q

how do macrophages and neutrophils differ in terms of death after destroying their target

A

macrophages don’t die - can continue to destroy foreign material
neutrophils - die after destroying their target

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9
Q

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in liver they’re called..

A

kupffer cells

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10
Q

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in bone they’re called..

A

osteoclasts

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11
Q

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in kidney they’re called..

A

mesangial cells

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12
Q

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in brain they’re called..

A

microglia

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13
Q

macrophages have specific names in certain places -
in blood they’re called..

A

macrophages

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14
Q

innate immunity - other killer cells include.. (2)

A

-eosinophil
-natural killer cell

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15
Q

is adaptive immunity specific or non-specific
is adaptive immunity slow or fast

A

specific, slow

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16
Q

does adaptive immunity include response to infections (non-self) or response to altered self

A

both

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17
Q

specific characteristic that adaptive immunity has that innate immunity doesn’t

A

has memory

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18
Q

what characteristics applies to both adaptive and innate immunity (3)

A

-can be humoral or cell-mediated
-responds to infections
-responds to altered self

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19
Q

adaptive immune cells include …

A

lymphocytes

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20
Q

2 types of lymphocytes (adaptive immune cell)

A

B cells
T cells

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21
Q

where are B cells and T cells born

A

bone marrow

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22
Q

where do B cells mature, where do T cells mature

A

B cells mature in bone marrow
T cells mature in thymus

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23
Q

where are B cells and T cells both activated

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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24
Q

do B cells/T cells have short-term or long-term immunity

A

long-term immunity

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25
Q

what is a specific characteristic of B cells

A

secrete antibodies - humoral response

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26
Q

what is a specific characteristic of T cells

A

cell-mediated response (adaptive immune response)

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27
Q

what do T cells have on the surface to recognise the antigen

A

specific T cell receptors (TCR)

28
Q

what do T helper cells do

A

activates B cells

29
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do

A

specifically kills infected cells

30
Q

what do regulatory T cells do

A

helps modulate responses

31
Q

what type of T cell remembers the antigen

A

memory T cells

32
Q

why do B cells secrete antibody (2)

A
  1. neutralise pathogen
  2. helps phagocytes to uptake (opsonization)
33
Q

2 types of B cells

A

-B plasma cells
-B memory cells

34
Q

antibodies are ….. of the …. class

A

glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin

35
Q

antibody - each Ig monomer consists of ….region and ….regions

A

FC and antigen binding
FC - gives antibody its function
antigen binding - part that recognises antigen - gives its specificity

36
Q

immunoglobulins of the D class are …

A

receptors

37
Q

rarest class of immunoglobulins

A

IgEs

38
Q

IgMs form … and are present at [5‑10%].

A

pentamers

39
Q

most common class of immunoglobulins

A

IgGs

40
Q

how is diversity of antibodies created

A

light chain can be recombined at DNA level and spliced to recreate diversity

41
Q

how is diversity of TCR created

A

recombination

42
Q

steps leading to lymphocyte activation (5)

A
  1. T cell has TCR that binds to antigen on APC
  2. Activated T cells clonally expand
  3. T helper cells bind to B cells that have been activated by antigen
  4. Activated B cells clonally expand forming plasma cells and memory cells
  5. Some B and T cells are set aside as memory cells
43
Q

APC is the link between

A

innate and adaptive immunity

44
Q

professional APCs are …. cells and are born in

A

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

44
Q

professional APCs are …. cells and are born in

A

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

44
Q

professional APCs are …. cells and are born in

A

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

45
Q

professional APCs are …. cells and are born in

A

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

45
Q

professional APCs are …. cells and are born in

A

dendritic cells, born in bone marrow

46
Q

professional APCs (dendritic cells) are in close contact with …..environment to search for incoming antigen

A

external

47
Q

primary lymphoid tissues are where

A

immature lymphocytes gain the ability to recognise antigens

48
Q

primary lymphoid tissues include (2)

A

bone marrow - T and B cell development
thymus - T cell maturation

49
Q

primary lymphoid tissue (thymus) - what happens in cortex and medulla

A

cortex - has immature T cells - has incoming progenitor cells from bone marrow
medulla - proliferation and selection of T cells, mature T cells leave medulla and enter circulation

50
Q

in adults, thymus is replaced by …tissue

A

adipose tissue

51
Q

secondary lymphoid tissues is where

A

immune responses are carried out, LYMPHOCYTES ARE ACTIVATED

52
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - is where

A

screens lymph, small organs where lymph vessels drain tissues of excess water

53
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - where do T cells reside

A

paracortex in the cortex

54
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - where are most T cells and B cells

A

cortex

55
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - where do lymphocytes mature

A

medulla

56
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node - where do B cells get activated

A

follicles

57
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - spleen - what does it do

A

screens blood borne antigens

58
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - spleen - what is the red pulp

A

filters blood

59
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - spleen - what is the white pulp

A

region of immune response

60
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph node and spleen have similar ….

A

follicles

61
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - what does it do

A

populations of immune cells in the mucosa of epithelial tissues, similar to lymph nodes

62
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue - mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - example

A

tonsils

cell bio (2 decks)

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