Important People, Plans, and Communities

Question 1

Hippodamus of Miletus

Answer 1

Hippodamus of Miletus was an ancient Greek urban planner who created grid plans for cities during the 5th century BC. His plans focused on creating order that both physically and socially ordered the city.

Question 2

John Logan and Harvey Molotch

Answer 2

City as Growth Machine Theory, in book Urban Fortunes (1987)

Question 3

Peter Calthorpe

Answer 3

Founded the Congress for New Urbanism. Transit oriented development is planned and designed to locate high-demand land uses at or near the most efficient modes of transportation, like light rail lines, subway lines, and frequent, high-capacity bus routes. The concept of transit oriented development was pioneered by Peter Calthorpe who is an urban planner and founding member of the Congress for New Urbanism.

Question 4

1909 Chicago Plan

Answer 4

The plan was initiated and paid for by private business owners. The plan addressed areas outside the central city. Citizens of the city were educated about the plan. Daniel Burnham

Question 5

Greenbelt Towns

Answer 5

Greenbelt, Maryland; Greenhills, Ohio; Greendale, Wisconsin. Greenbelt towns which provided affordable housing for federal government workers were planned by Rexford Guy Tugwell, head of the United States Resettlement Administration, under authority of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act.

Question 6

Homer Hoyt

Answer 6

Sector theory

Question 7

Portland, Columbus and Phoenix are examples of regions that provide regional parks, regional transit, and regional transportation infrastructure.

Answer 7

Portland, Columbus and Phoenix are examples of regions that provide regional parks, regional transit, and regional transportation infrastructure.

Question 8

Mariemont, OH

Answer 8

Mariemont is a planned community in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Founded in the 1920’s by Mary Emery. Designed by John Nolen.

Question 9

Columbia, MD

Answer 9

In 1963, the Rouse Company began the development of Columbia, Maryland. The 14,000-acre master planned development was developed to provide jobs, recreation, shopping, health care, and a mix of housing at different price points. The development was designed to create a jobs-housing balance. Self contained villages and neighborhood clusters

Question 10

Edmund Bacon

Answer 10

Executive Director of the Philadelphia Planning Commission from 1949 to 1970; often called the father of modern Philadelphia.

Question 11

Robert Weaver

Answer 11

Served as the first United States secretary of housing and urban development (HUD) from 1966 to 1968, when the department was newly established by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Question 12

Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota

Answer 12

Southdale Center was built in 1956 as the first indoor regional shopping mall in the U.S. It was part of a master plan that included residential, commercial, medical, office and mixed-use projects, but not within the Center mall itself. It set the precedent for shopping malls— 1,500 of which appeared across America in the half-century after Southdale’s unveiling. Victor Gruen, a refugee from Nazi-occupied Austria, arrived in America in 1938 and went on to be a dominant figure in shopping mall design.

Question 13

San Francisco, CA

Answer 13

In 1867, San Francisco passed the first land use zoning restriction prohibiting the location of obnoxious uses. Also first City Beautiful.

Question 14

George Pullman/Pullman, Chicago

Answer 14

Pullman is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago. Pullman (Historic Pullman) was built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his eponymous railroad car company, the Pullman Palace Car Company. The company owned everything, from stores to townhouses. The houses were comfortable by standards of the day, but a rebellion ensued when Pullman sought to raise rents without raising worker pay.

Question 15

Georges-Eugene Haussmann

Answer 15

Haussmann was responsible for the recreation of Paris into what it looks like today. His efforts to recreate the city were met with fierce resistance which resulted in his ultimate firing.

Question 16

Ange-Jacques Gabriel

Answer 16

Gabriel designed the Palace of Versailles in the 18th century.

Question 17

Charles Garnier

Answer 17

Designed the casino of Monte Carlo and the Paris Opera House.

Question 18

Miami 21

Answer 18

Form based code, guided by the tenants of Smart Growth and New Urbanism.

Question 19

Herbert Simon

Answer 19

Herbert Simon introduced the concept of Satisficing.

Question 20

White City

Answer 20

Refers to color of the material generally used to cover the buildings’ façades in the Chicago Columbian Exposition, which gave the fairgrounds its nickname, the White City. The layout of the Chicago Columbian Exposition was, in large part, designed by John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted and Charles B. Atwood.

Question 21

Radburn, NJ

Question 22

Alfred Bettman

Answer 22

Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO. Alfred Bettman (1873-1945) was one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company. The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the U.S., was in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.”

Question 23

John Friedmann

Answer 23

“Father of Urban Planning”

Question 24

Amitai Etzioni

Answer 24

Mixed Scanning (blend of Rational and Incremental)

Question 25

Andres Duany

Answer 25

Importance of urban design codes

Question 26

Christopher Alexander

Answer 26

Austrian-born British-American architect and design theorist. His theories about the nature of human-centered design have affected fields beyond architecture, including urban design, software, and sociology. Alexander designed and personally built over 100 buildings, both as an architect and a general contractor.

In architecture, Alexander’s work is used by a number of different contemporary architectural communities of practice, including the New Urbanist movement, to help people to reclaim control over their own built environment.

Question 27

Kevin Lynch

Answer 27

In Image of the City, wrote about the importance of nodes and paths.

Question 28

Lawrence Haworth

Answer 28

Lawrence Haworth wrote the book, The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good. “The need is for deliberate, abstract thought.”

Question 29

Aristotle

Answer 29

“The arrangement of private houses is generally considered to be more sightly, and more convenient for peacetime activities, when it is regularly planned in the modern style introduced by Hippodamus. For reasons of military security, however, the very reverse is preferable — they should follow the old-fashioned manner, which made it difficult for strangers to make their way out and for assailants to find their way in.”

Question 30

Seaside, Florida

Answer 30

Neotraditional community built on the principles of new urbanism

Question 31

Port Authority

Answer 31

The Port Authority was created in 1921 to manage regional transportation including bridges, tunnels, airports, and seaports.

Question 32

Peter Drucker

Answer 32

Peter Drucker is associated with MBO. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees buy into the objectives and understand what they are.

Question 33

Lawrence Veiller

Answer 33

Lawrence Veiller is the father of the modern housing code. He was concerned with housing conditions for those who are low income. He produced a Tenement Exhibition with proposals for New York City. He went on to become secretary of the New York State Tenement House Commission and drafted the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 that established basic housing laws - including fire exits and running water for bathrooms in every tenement.

Question 34

Susan Fainstein

Answer 34

“Just City”

Question 35

Panama Canal Expansion Project

Answer 35

Completed in 2016 and now allows larger ships to enter East Coast and Gulf of Mexico ports.

Question 36

Detroit, MI

Answer 36

Detroit has approximately 70,000 vacant lots making up approximately 27% of the land area.

Question 37

Grand Coulee Dam

Answer 37

The largest concrete structure in the US in 1942 was the Grand Coulee Dam, located on the Columbia River in the state of Washington.

Question 38

BART System

Answer 38

The first segment of the BART system officially opened in 1972 following decades of engineering work and political and funding challenges. The BART story began in 1946 and gradually evolved at informal gatherings of business and civic leaders on both sides of the San Francisco Bay.

Question 39

Alfred Bettman

Answer 39

Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO.Wrote influential brief for Euclid v. Ambler. Helped with Cincinnati’s comprehensive plan in 1925.

Question 40

Alan Ehrenhalt

Answer 40

Although this has been slowing down in recent years, many central cities continue to gain population and outpace suburban growth as a result of net in-migration Alan Ehrenhalt (2012) describes these changes as “The Great Inversion”—poorer, diverse suburbs surrounding wealthier central cities: opposite the conventional American narrative.