Important People Flashcards
1
Q
Jensen
A
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ; much criticized
2
Q
Stern
A
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - Developed the concept of the ratio IQ
3
Q
Hering
A
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - Developed opponent process theory of color vision
4
Q
Daryl Bem
A
(SOCIAL)– Developed the self-perception theory, which focuses on learning through social contexts
5
Q
Newcomb
A
(SOCIAL) – studied political norms
6
Q
Lerner
A
(SOCIAL) – proposed the concept of belief in a just world
7
Q
Pinel
A
(ABNORMAL) - reformed French asylums in late 18th c
8
Q
Loftus
A
(COGNITIVE) - studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions
9
Q
Melzack and Wall
A
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - proposed gate theory of pain
10
Q
Rorschach
A
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality
11
Q
Zajonc
A
(SOCIAL) – studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses
12
Q
Erikson
A
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – Outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan
(PERSONALITY) - ego psychologist
13
Q
Asch
A
(SOCIAL)– studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines
14
Q
Kohlberg
A
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – studied moral development using moral dilemmas; also outlined stages of gender development
15
Q
Zimbardo
A
(SOCIAL) – performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results
16
Q
Kluver and Bucy
A
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - Studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from the bilateral removal of the amygdala; studied the amygdala’s role in emotion
17
Q
Darwin
A
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - proposed a theory of evolution with natural selection as its centerpiece
18
Q
Clark and Clark
A
(SOCIAL) – performed a study on doll preferences in African-American children; the results were used in the 1954 Brown v the Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court Case
19
Q
Kagan
A
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – conducted landmark longitudinal study to examine developmental trajectories of children’s temperament
20
Q
Maslow
A
(PERSONALITY) - phenomenological/humanistic personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization
21
Q
Helmholtz
A
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - Developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception
22
Q
Freud, S
A
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in development
(PERSONALITY) - originator of psychodynamic approach to personality
(ABNORMAL) - developed psychoanalysis
23
Q
Kelly
A
(PERSONALITY) - based personality theory on the notion of “individual as scientist”
24
Q
James and Lange
A
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - Proposed James-Lange theory of emotions
25
Baumrind
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – studied the relationship between parental style and discipline
26
Bandura
(SOCIAL) – developed the social-learning theory, which focuses on learning through social contexts
(PERSONALITY) - behaviorist theorist know for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using Bobo doll
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - studied observational learning
27
Lorenz
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – studied imprinting in birds
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment
28
Luria
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor and language functions
29
Thurstone
(COGNITIVE) - used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities - factors more specific than g, but more general than s
30
Dix
(ABNORMAL) - 19th c American advocate of asylum reform
31
Morgan and Murray
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality
32
Holland
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes
33
Rousseau
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – French philosopher who suggested development could unfold without help from society
34
Raymond Cattell
(PERSONALITY) - Trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality
(COGNITIVE) - divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan
35
Yerkes and Dodson
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at an intermediate level of arousal
36
Bartlett
(COGNITIVE) - investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process
37
Gibson, J
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth
38
Mischel
(PERSONALITY) - critic of trait theories of personality
39
Milgram
(SOCIAL) – studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed the stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers
40
Wilson
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - developed sociobiology
41
Penfield
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain during surgery
42
Sherrington
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synaptic communication between neurons
43
Harlow
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – Used monkeys and “surrogate mothers” to study they role of contact comfort in bond formation
44
Milner
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - studied severe anterograde amnesia in HM, a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy
45
Bowlby
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – studied attachment in human children
46
von Frisch
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - Ethologist who studied communication in honeybees
47
Bleuler
(ABNORMAL) - coined the term schizophrenia
48
Smith, Shoben, and Rips
(COGNITIVE) - Devised the semantic feature-comparison model of semantic memory
49
Terman
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – performed longitudinal study on gifted children
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test using divergent IQ; revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ test
50
Winnicott
(PERSONALITY) - Object relations theorist
51
Edward Hall
(SOCIAL) – studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions (proxemics)
52
Paivio
(COGNITIVE) - proposed the dual-code hypothesis
53
Janis
(SOCIAL) – developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision-making can go awry
54
Garcia
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli
55
Sternberg
(COGNITIVE) - Proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into 3 types: componential, experiential, contextual
56
Pavlov
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - discovered the basic principles of classical conditioning
57
Guilford
(COGNITIVE) - Devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity
58
Premack
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - suggested the premark principle: that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity
59
McGuire
(SOCIAL) – studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
60
Rogers
(PERSONALITY) - phenomenological/humanistic personality theorist
(ABNORMAL) - developed client-centered therapy, based upon the concept of unconditional positive regard
61
Craik and Lockhart
(COGNITIVE) - developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory
62
Luchins
(COGNITIVE) - used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem solving
63
Maccoby and Jacklin
(COGNITIVE) - found support for gender differences in verbal ability
64
Tinbergen
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - Ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations
65
Eagly
(SOCIAL) – suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se, but to differing social roles
66
Darley and Latane
(SOCIAL) – proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility
67
Kohler
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - Developed the theory of isomorphism; cofounder of school of Gestalt psychology
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - studied insight and problem solving
68
Berkeley
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - developed a list of depth cues that help us perceive depth
69
Aronson and Linder
(SOCIAL) – Proposed the gain-loss principle = a twist to the reciprocity hypothesis in which an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant
70
Collins and Loftus
(COGNITIVE) - Devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory
71
Seligman
(ABNORMAL) - formulated learned helplessness theory of depression
72
Sandra Bem
(PERSONALITY) - suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked with concept of androgyny
73
Gesell
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – Believed that development was due primarily to maturation
74
Wolp
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - developed method of systematic desensitization to phobias
75
Sperling
(COGNITIVE) - Studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method
76
Lewin
(SOCIAL) – divided leadership styles into 3 categories: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire
(PERSONALITY) - phenomenological/humanistic personality theorist who developed field theory
77
Whorf
(COGNITIVE) - hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived
78
Bekesy
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - Empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory
79
Freud, A
(PERSONALITY) - founder of ego psychology
80
Sheldon
(PERSONALITY) - Attempted to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type
81
Ebbinghaus
(COGNITIVE) - studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings; developed the forgetting curve
82
Rescorla
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - Performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning
83
Hovland
(SOCIAL) – studied attitude change
84
Klein
(PERSONALITY) - object relations theorist
85
Watson
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - Performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning
86
Heider
(SOCIAL) – developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational
87
Stevens
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - developed Steven's power law as an alternative to Fechner's law
88
Thorndike
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - Proposed law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats
89
Mahler
(PERSONALITY) - object relations theorist
90
Spearman
(COGNITIVE) - suggested that individual differences in intelligence we're largely due to difference in amount of a general factor (g) and a specific factor (s)
91
McClelland
(PERSONALITY) - Studied need for achievement (N-Ach)
92
Schachter
(SOCIAL) – studied relationship between anxiety and affiliation
93
Jung
(PERSONALITY) - psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido; suggested the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes being in the collective unconscious
94
Wever and Bray
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
95
Gibson, E and Walk
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception
96
Beck
(ABNORMAL) - cognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for depression
97
Broca
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language (Broca's area)
98
Szasz
(ABNORMAL) - suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote the Myth of Mental Illness
99
McClelland and Rumelhart
(COGNITIVE) - suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)
100
Petty and Cacioppo
(SOCIAL) – developed the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral route)
101
Allport
(PERSONALITY) - Trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality
102
Horney
(PERSONALITY) - psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were 3 ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against and moving away from
103
Olds and Milner
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - Demonstrated the existence of pleasure center in the brain using "self-stimulation" in rats
104
Piaget
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – outlined four stages of cognitive development
105
Broadbent
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - proposed filter theory of attention
106
Rosenhan
(ABNORMAL) - investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudo patients admitted into mental hospitals
107
Swets
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - refined ROC curves in signal detection theory
108
Sperry and Gazzaniga
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using "split-brain" studies
109
Wechsler
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - Developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages (WPPSI, WISC, WAIS); these tests yield three deviation IQs: verbal IQ, performance IQ, and a full-scale IQ
110
Gardner
(COGNITIVE) - proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into 7 different types, all of which are equally important; traditional IQ tests only measure 2 of the 7
111
Fechner
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation
112
Adler
(PERSONALITY) - psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of the inferiority complex
113
Vygotsky
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
114
Skinner
(PERSONALITY) - behaviorist
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - developed principles of operant conditioning
115
Kandel
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - Demonstrated that simple learned behavior in sea snails (aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission
116
Kraepelin
(ABNORMAL) - developed system in 19th c for classifying mental disorders; DSM-V is a descendant of his system; also coined term dementia praecox
117
Cannon
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - psychologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including the "fight or flight" reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
118
Binet and Simon
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age
119
Breland and Breland
(LEARNING AND ETHOLOGY) - discovered and studied instinctual drift
120
Schachter and Singer
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - proposed the schachter-singer two-factor theory of emotion
121
Festinger
(SOCIAL) – developed cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory
122
Sherif
(SOCIAL) – Used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber’s Cave Experiemnt and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation
123
Locke
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – british philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience
124
Ellis
(ABNORMAL) - cognitive behavior therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)
125
Wernicke
(PHYSIOLOGICAL) - German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language (Wernicke's area)
126
Ainsworth
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – devised the “strange situation” to study attachment
127
Dollard and Miller
(PERSONALITY) - behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for work on approach-avoidance conflicts
128
Eysenck
(PERSONALITY) - trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism
129
Rotter
(PERSONALITY) - Studied locus of control
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - developed sentence completion test, a projective test designed to measure personality
130
G. Stanley Hall
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – founder of developmental psychology
131
Chomsky
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – Linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition
(COGNITIVE) - distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another
132
Kernberg
(PERSONALITY) - object relations theorist
133
Witkin
(PERSONALITY) - studied field dependence and field independence using the rod-and-frame test
134
Kahneman and Tversky
(COGNITIVE) - Investigated the use of heuristics in decision making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic
135
Miller
(COGNITIVE) - Found that the capacity of short-term memory is 7 plus or minus 2
136
Tryon
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – studied the genetic basic of maze-running ability
137
Strong and Campbell
(TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS) - Developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; used to assess interest in different lines of worth (actually, they didnt work together: Campbell revised an earlier test of Strong's)
138
Gilligan
(DEVELOPMENTAL) – suggested that males and females have different orientatins toward morality
139
Hubel and Wiesel
(SENSATION AND PERCEPTION) - studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex and hypercomplex cells
