Important Facts

Question 1

exist in two forms: cyst or trophozites

Answer 1

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 2

amebicides act in the lumen of the bowel

Answer 2

luminal amebicides

Question 3

amebicides effective in the intestinal wall and liver

Answer 3

systemic amebicies

Question 4

effective in both lumen and intestinal wall and liver

Answer 4

mixed amebicides

Question 5

1. Injected sporozoites migrate through the blood to the liver
2. merozoites are released and invade RBC
3. Can form gametophytes that are ingested by mosquito

Answer 5

life cycle of malarial parasite

Question 6

only agent that can cure forms that remain in liver after blood forms are eliminated

Answer 6

Primaquine

Question 7

drug of choice for erythrocytic forms

Answer 7

chloroquine

Question 8

MOA; prevents the parasite from properly digesting host cell’s hemoglobin > predominant urine excretion

Answer 8

chloroquine

Question 9

anti-inflammatory activity. used for RA and lupus ie. Plaquenil

Answer 9

chloroquine

Question 10

transmitted via bite of tsetse fly; parasite grows in blood and eventually invades CNS

Answer 10

African “sleeping sickness”

Question 11

transmitted via insect feces; cause cardiomyopathy

Answer 11

American “chagas disease”

Question 12

Three Types: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral. transmitted via bite of sandflies

Answer 12

Leishmaniasis

Question 13

common infection in humans. transmitted via raw or undercooked meat. cats shed the oocysts

Answer 13

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 14

Tx of toxoplasmosis

Answer 14

sulfadiazine and pyrimethidine

Question 15

most common dx’ed parasite in the US. ingestion usually by contaminated drinking water

Answer 15

Giardia lamblia

Question 16

two life cycle stages of Giardiasis

Answer 16

1. binucleate trophozite

2. four- nucleate cyst

Question 17

distinguished from Rx drugs or OTC meds bc they are legally considered food supplements used for health maintenance

Answer 17

dietary supplements

Question 18

clinical aspects of botanical use

Answer 18

1. natural does not guarantee safety
2. adverse events are underreported
3. not tested for interactions with other medications

Question 19

drug that improves the immune system , anti-inflammatory effects, antibacterial , antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects

Answer 19

Echinacea

Question 20

cardiovascular effects ( decrease bp), antibiotic effects, reduction of carcinogen activation

Answer 20

garlic

Question 21

increased blood flow and vasodilation, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic , CNS effects ( improvements in cognition and concentration)

Answer 21

ginkgo

Question 22

modulation of immune fxn, increases levels of Ach, serotonin, NE, and Dopamine; antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, antistress, antiplatelet, improved glucose homeostasis, anticancer properties

Answer 22

ginseng

Question 23

limits hepatic injury; chemotherapeutic effects; lactation

Answer 23

milk thistle

Question 24

antidepressant action; antiviral and anticarcinogenic effects

Answer 24

St. John’s Wort

Question 25

Tx of BPH

Answer 25

saw palmetto

Question 26

antioxidant ; treats HTN, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, prevention of statin induced myopathy

Answer 26

coenzyme Q10

Question 27

increases supply of cartilage building blocks

Answer 27

glucosamine

Question 28

jet lag, insomnia

Answer 28

melatonin

Question 29

steps of drug development

Answer 29

discovery, study of biological interactions, study of safety, marketing, post-marketing studies

Question 30

Percentage of US healthcare expenses is on prescription drugs

Answer 30

10-12%

Question 31

which drug screenings are usually first?

Answer 31

cardiovascular and renal studies

Question 32

lead compound

Answer 32

result of all screening procedures of new drug

Question 33

goal of preclinical testing

Answer 33

to determine potential human toxicities and to design tests to further define the toxic mechanism

Question 34

confounding factors in clinical trials

Answer 34

variability of diseases, presence of other diseases or risk factors, subject and observer bias

Question 35

Which phase ? describes effects of the drug as a function of dosage

Answer 35

phase 1

Question 36

which phase? drug is studies in pts with the target disease to determine efficacy

Answer 36

phase 2

Question 37

which phase? drug is evaluated in larger numbers of pts with the target disease

Answer 37

phase 3

Question 38

marketing approval

Answer 38

requires submission of new drug application

Question 39

order of operations of approving new drug

Answer 39

clinical trials -> phase 1,2,3 -> marketing approval -> phase 4

Question 40

what % of prescriptions in the US are used for generic

Answer 40

67 %