Important exam 1 info Flashcards
1
Q
What does a normal skull look like in early childhood?
A
They have a prominent occipital area.
2
Q
How should the fontanelles feel?
A
Flat, flush, and soft.
3
Q
What might a tense and bulging above the margin fontanelle tell us?
A
There is an indication of increased ICP.
4
Q
What might a sunken fontanelle below the margin tell us?
A
It is associated with dehydration
5
Q
When do the posterior and anterior fontanelle close by?
A
P: 2-4 months
A: 1-2 years/18 months
6
Q
Bulging eyes
A
tumor
7
Q
Sunken eyes
A
dehydration
8
Q
What color should the conjunctivae be?
A
Pink and glossy
9
Q
How should the lacrimal punctum look (tear sac)
A
There should be no redness or excess tearing.
10
Q
Sunset sign
A
Eyes appear driven downward, and the white part of the eye is visible above the iris.
11
Q
What might sunset sign indicate
A
retracted eyelids or hydrocephalus.
12
Q
What do normal pupils look like
A
round, clear, and equal in size
13
Q
What is an abnormal red reflex?
A
White reflex
14
Q
White reflex can indicate what?
A
Leukocoria and a retinoblastoma
15
Q
when is the Snellen chart used?
A
3-6 years old and if they can read. Usually school age.
16
Q
6 cardinal field of gaze
A
Hold a penlight 12 inches from the patient and ask the child to follow it in all six directions. Both eyes should follow the penlight.
17
Q
How should the tympanic membrane look?
A
Pearly gray and translucent
18
Q
Otoscopic exam for children <3 years old?
A
Pull pinna down and back
19
Q
Otoscopic exam for children >3 years old?
A
Pull pinna up and back
20
Q
What may indicate hearing loss in infant?
A
No startle to loud noises.
Does not turn to sound by 4 months old.
Babbles as a young infant but does not keep babbling or does not develop speech.
21
Q
What may indicate hearing loss as a young child
A
No speech by 2 yo.
Speech sounds are not distinct at appropriate age or regress.
22
Q
What are the signs of respiratory distress
A
Nasal Flaring, retractions, and head bobbing.
23
Q
If the sternum is protruding, what is that called?
A
Pigeon chest (pectus carnatum)
24
Q
If the lower portion of the sternum is depressed what is that called?
A
funnel chest (pectus excavatum)
25
What are retractions?
Visible depressions of the tissue between the ribs of the chest wall.
26
What can retractions indicate?
Increased work of breathing and respiratory distress. They can be mild, moderate, or severe.
27
What is head bobbing mean?
Use of accessory muscles to help with breathing. A big indicator of respiratory distress.
28
Fine crackles
High-pitched, discrete, noncontinuous sounds are heard at the end of inspiration and not cleared with cough.
29
Coarse crackles
Loud pitched, more moist or bubbly sounds are heard during inspiration. Not cleared with cough
30
Sibilant wheezing
Higher pitched, musical, squeaking, or hissing noises are usually heard. During inspiration or expiration. Does not clear with cough.
31
Rhonchi
Coarse, low-pitched sounds like a snore. May be cleared with cough.
32
Stridor (HPI)
High-pitched, piercing sound most often heard during inspiration with out a stethoscope.
33
where do we assess pulses based on age?
Over 1 yr = radial
Under 1 yr = brachial
34
if a enlarged kidney or mass is detected do we cont. palpating?
NO. palpating further could release cancerous cells.
35
When assessing the perineal area. How can we make children feel more comfortable?
Position them on the parent's lap with their legs spread apart or in a position of comfort. DO THIS LAST!
36
When inspecting the perineal area what should we do before the exam?
Get consent from the parent, and have a same-sex chaperone.
37
How many stages of tanners puberty assessment are there?
5 stages
Stage 1 is prepubertal
38
Tanner's staging signs that warrant evaluation?
Breast development before the age of 7
Pubic hair before 8-9 yo and delayed onset of testicular enlargement after 14
39
Spine alignment (lateral curve) indicates what?
Scoliosis
40
Allis' sign
Uneven skin folds may indicate a hip dislocation or difference in leg length
41
Ortolani-Barlow maneuver is used for what?
To assess an infants hips for dislocation or subluxation.
42
Growth refers to what?
Quantitative increase in physical size and measurement
43
Development refers to what?
Qualitative increase in capability or functioning.
44
Cephalocaudal
Refers to growth that is head downward
(e.g., infants learn head control before learning how to sit and learn how to sit before they learn to stand)
45
Proximodistal
Refers to development that occurs from the center of the body outward.
(e.g., infants can control their trunk before they master fine motor movements of the hands).
46
Erik Erikson
Developmental theory of 5 stages.
47
Birth - 1 year old
Eriksons
Trust vs mistrust: The infant learns to trust others through food, clothing, touch, and comfort.
48
1-3 years old
Eriksons
Autonomy vs shame and doubt: The toddler learns independence and autonomy through body secretions, saying no, and participation in play.
If children are criticized (i.e. potty training), they may develop a sense of shame in their abilities.
49
3-6 years old
Eriksons
Initiative vs guilt: Children of this age want to explore the world, develop purpose, and initiate new ideas. However, if they are criticized, they may develop guilt.
50
6-12 years old
Eriksons
Industry vs inferiority: New interests and activities, takes pride in accomplishments (sports), If the child is not meeting expectations they will experience inferiority.
51
12-18 years old
Eriksons
Identity vs role confusion: Sense of self develops if they can't find "themselves," they may develop role confusion.
52
Jean Piaget
Childs view of the world is influenced by age and maturational ability.
53
Assimilation
Makes new info fit what they already know
54
Accommodation
They change what they know to fit new info.
55
Sensorimotor
Age 0-2 Infant has basic reflexes: touching, tasting, looking, and moving
56
Preoperational
Age 2-7 Increase in symbolic thinking using words and images
57
Concrete operational
Age 7-11reason logically
58
Formal operational
Age 11-15 uses logic and abstract thought
59
Principles of physical growth and development
Age, physical growth, Fine motor, gross motor, and sensory ability
60
Newborn (0-1 month)
Gains 140-200g / week
Holds hand in fist
Alerts to high pitched voices
Comforts with touch
Follows objects in LOS
61
2-4 months
Posterior fontanelle closes
Holds rattle
Brings hands midline
Turns from side to back
When prone holds head and supports weight on forearms.
62
4-6 months
2x birth weight
teeth erupt
palmar grasp
no head lag
abdomen to back
When held standing supports much of own weight.
63
6-8 months
Growth rate slows down
Pincer grasp
Inborn reflexes are gone
Sits alone steadily
recognizes own name
64
8-10 months
crawls
pulls self to standing
may say one word, mama dada
65
10-12 months
3x birth weight
crayon mark on paper
stands alone
66
1-2 years
anterior fontanelle closes
builds a tower of four blocks
walks with ease
67
2-3 years
draws circle
learns to dress self
jumps
68
1-3 years
Imitative play
gross motor movements (Big wheel)
enjoys talking
likes contact with other children
69
3-6 years
Brushes teeth
uses spoons, fork, knife
Eats three meals/day
Rides bicycle
70
3-6 years
HP:
Associative play
Dramatic play
Play with other children (favorite)
Health professionals:
Verbalize and explain procedures
Use drawings to explain care
Use accurate names
Allow the child to ask questions
71
6-12 years
A sense of industry is fostered (hobbies)
Health professionals can:
Assess child's knowledge before teaching
Allow the child to select rewards
Teaching coping to manage difficult situations
Include both parents and child in HC decisions.
72
12-18
Lack of coordination
Increasing communication with peer groups
Applying abstract thought and analysis to conversation
73
How can the role of play help understand growth and development?
Barometer of illness and contributes to development
74
Solitary play is seen at what age
Infant (it is playing alone without others)
75
Parallel play is seen in ?
Toddlers (playing by themselves but next to another toddler)
76
When is associative play seen ?
Preschooler (children now interact with their play partner)
77
When is dramatic play seen?
Preschool (is the act of living out the drama of human life)
78
When is cooperative play seen?
School-age (this is when children play together as a team)
79
What is temperament?
the matter of thinking, behavior, or reacting as a characteristic of an individual.
80
What are the three major tempermant types?
Easy
Difficult
Slow-to-warm-up
81
Easy percentage
40%
82
Difficult percentage
10%
83
Slow-to-warm-up percentage
15%
84
Mixed percentage
35%
85
What is the goodness of fit?
Are the parents' expectations of their child's behavior consistent with the child's temperament type?
86
Developmental response to illness INFANT
Unaware of illness and its effects, they only see a deviation from their normal life.
Sense stress and anxiety in loved ones
Stranger anxiety
PARENTS NEED TO PARTICIPATE WHEN ABLE.
87
Developmental response to illness TODDLERS/SCHOOL-AGE
Toddlers: Separation from parents and disrupted routine increase stress.
May see illness as punishment.
School-age: Begin understanding body functions. Foster a sense of industry. Encourage participation in care, cont. school work, and arts and crafts.
88
Stressful procedures can lead to what?
Regression in behavior
89
Developmental response to illness ADOLESCENCE
Understands the complex nature of illness. Fear missing out with friends and peers. Encourage participation in the playroom.
90
Sibling response to hospitalization
Confusion, Guilt, Anger, Jealousy, Rejection.
91
What are some strategies to promote coping and normal development?
Rooming in: 24/7 parental visits.
Child life specialist: planned play and collaborated with child life therapist.
Therapeutic play: dramatic and hospital play
Therapy: Animal, art, and music.
92
What are some considerations with discharge?
Family ability to provide care: Equipment Training
Financial burdens
Educational needs: parent teaching (follow-ups, S/S, and ongoing care needs).
93
Infant before the procedure
Explain to parents the reason for the procedure. Allow them to be present; allow them to comfort the infant.
94
Infant during the procedure
Swaddle/restrain, use touch, voice, pacifier, and bottle as a distraction.
95
Toddler before procedure
give an explanation and explain that the child did nothing wrong.
96
Toddler during the procedure
Perform in tx room, immobilize, avoid giving choices, allow the child to cry/scream.
97
Pre-schooler before the procedure
Give simple explanations, allow the child to play with instruments, The body is viewed as a threat (child's body will remain the same.
98
Pre-schooler during the procedure
Perform in the tx room, restrain, tell child to count to 10, allow the child to cry.
99
School-age before the procedure
explain, teach stress reduction techniques, offer a choice of reward.
100
School-age during the procedure
Be ready to restrain, explain, stress-control techniques, praise cooperation.
101
Adolescent before the procedure
Clear explanations, Teach stress reduction techniques, and explore the fear of the procedure.
102
Adolescent during the procedure
Assist adolescent in self-control and explain the expected outcome.
103
IV start
Hourly IV checks as IV in children can infiltrate easily.
104
IM injection
No butt injection
Vastus lateralis is preferred NO more than 1-2mL for vastus
NO more than 0.5mL for deltoid
Z-track method should be used.
105
Health Promotion
Activities that increase the well being and enhance wellness or health.
106
Health maintenance
Activities that maintain a persons state of health decreases occurrence of disease or injury.
Examples: Developmental screening, immunizations, preventing injury.
107
Health supervision
Well child visits - age based visits. Eval & edu on disease & injury prevention, growth & development, and health promotion.
108
General Observations
Observe affect of both baby and parents.
109
what is developmental delay?
delay in motor coordination and behavioral skills.
110
Self-regulation
Find out what the child uses to soothe themselves.
111
Risk prevention
Back to sleep -ABCs
Shaken baby syndrome
Car seats: make sure the kids car seat is rear facing.
112
What is kinesthesia
Awareness of body movement and position without looking at body part.
113
When do we obtain BMI
at age 2
114
When do we obtain BP
Screen for HTN at age 3
115
What is the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)?
Is a parent-completed questionnaire that pinpoints developmental progress in children between the ages of 1 month to 5 1/2 years
*Catches developmental delays early.
116
When should children see the dentist
by age 1
117
What is early childhood caries
is one or more cavity in a child of 71 months or younger.
118
when can a child use fluoride tooth paste?
2-5 years old
119
What is the leading cause of death ages 1-4 yo
Drowning
120
What is a nightmare
Are bad dreams that the child remembers
121
What is a night terror
Bad dreams that the child does not remember.
122
Assessing readiness for toilet training
Able to stay dry for 2 hours
Able to remove clothing
Want to please parents
Curious about toilet habits
Impatient with soiled diapers
123
What is positive discipline
Parenting style that focuses on guiding behavior through respect, communication, and problem solving rather than punishment. "Don't do this but do this instead."
124
School-age children mental and spiritual health
Development of new skills increases self-esteem.
Body image and sexuality are developed by adolescence.
125
School-age leading cause of death
MVC and auto vs ped
126
For school-age how should they ride in the car?
Under 13 always ride in the back with seat belt-positioning booster seats until the child reaches 4 ft 9in
127
Peds vs Adult what are the upper airway differences?
Any inflammatory process in the airway causes swelling.
Airway resistance increases
Note that swelling of 1mm reduces the infants airway diameter to 2 mm but the adults airway diameter is only narrowed to 18mm
128
is the trachea of a child shorter or larger?
Shorter and the right bronchus at bifurcation is more acute than in the adult.
129
What is croup?
Refers to a broad class of upper airway illness. Inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis and larynx.
130
What is Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) and what is a classic sign of it?
Viral infection that causes the swelling.
*Classic sign: Barky/seal cough.
131
For croup and LTB what nursing interventions should we perform?
Nur Interventions: Maintain hydration, continuous resp assessment.
LABS: None or a viral panel if admitting.
Radiology: classic steeple's sign.
Treatment: Oral dexamethasone, nebulized racemic epi, fever reducer, oxygen.
132
What is epiglottitis?
Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection caused by haemophilus influenzae, that causes inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis and larynx.
133
Why is epiglottitis very important?
Life-threatening and can progress rapidly to complete airway obstruction.
134
What are the S/S epiglottitis?
>39C, drooling, tachypnea, and tripod position
135
For epiglottitis what is absolutely important
Keep them calm and do NOT put anything in their mouth!
DO NOT TOUCH this child or upset them at all!
136
Treatment for epiglottitis
IV dexmethasone
137
Bronchiolitis is what?
A lower resp tract infection can be bacterial or viral.
138
is Bronchiolitis common or rare
common
139
Bronchiolitis patho
Caused by RSV typically
140
When is it most common to contract Bronchiolitis
OCT-MARCH
141
Bronchiolitis causes what ?
Syncytia or large masses. these masses the clog and irritate the airway. The airway then swells and causes air trapping and hyperinflation
142
Bronchiolitis Physical exam S/S
Auscultation: Wheezing and crackles
Increased WOB: Retractions, nasal flaring, grunting, and head bobbing.
143
What are some nursing considerations for Bronchiolitis?
Obtain nasal swab, place in respiratory and contact isolation.
144
Bronchiolitis what type of iso
combined: Contact and respiratory.
145
what is the prevention measure for Bronchiolitis
Synagis: provides passive immunity to help support high risk infants.
146
High flow nasal cannula
Works well in Bronchiolitis pt.
Reduced the need for CPAP and intubation; however, it needs humidification.
147
What is Pneumonia
Is an inflammation or infection of bronchioles and alveoli.
148
What are the types of pneumonia and what ages?
Viral: under 5
bacterial: all ages
mycoplasmal: over 5
149
Which type of pneumonia is associated with a high fever?
Bacterial
150
Pneumonia PE
Rhonchi and crackles
Retractions, nasal flaring, and grunting, SOB, lethargy, and diminished BS.
151
Pneumonia labs neutrophils and lymphocytes.
CBC for WBC and blood culture.
Neutrophils = Bacterial
Lymphocytes = viral
152
Treatment of pneumonia
Antibiotics for bacterial:
Ampicillin: for inpatients or high dose amoxicillin for outpatient.
Azithromycin: for mycoplasma or atypical pneumonia
Ceftriaxone: for high-risk unvaxed hospitalized children.
153
What is asthma?
Hyperresponsiveness causes excess mucus formation, mucosal swelling, and airway muscle contraction.
154
What are the environmental exposures for asthma
smoke, pet dander, cockroach feces, and air pollutants.
155
Symptoms of asthma
Wheezing, tachypnea, and retractions
156
What type of wheeze would you hear?
Inspiratory and expiratory wheeze +/- cough.
157
Asthma drugs what are they?
SABA: Relax smooth muscle in the airway/ bronchodilation
Corticosteroids: Decrease airway inflammation work with SABA.
Anticholinergics: inhibit bronchoconstriction and decrease mucus production.
158
THE RULES OF TWO
Do you USE YOUR QUICK RELIEF INHALER more than 2 times per week?
Do you AWAKEN AT NIGHT DUE TO ASTHMA more than 2 times per month?
Do you REFILL A QUICK RELIEF INHALER Rx more than 2 times per year?
159
"The rule of 2" if yes to any of the questions what does it mean?
asthma is not controlled well.
160
how much asthma med do you get without a spacer?
Only 20%
161
What is cystic fibrosis?
is an inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs. It is an autosomal recessive disorder
162
Patho of cystic fibrosis
Build up of thickened mucus in the lungs and in the body.
163
How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?
The gold standard is the sweat test.
164
Cystic fibrosis tx is ?
Controlling inflammation of the airways.
Treating any infection
Reducing mucus accumulation: Hypertonic loosens secretions and Pulmozyme breaks up the secretions.
Improving nutrition: Vitamin ADEK they are a water-soluble vitamin.
165
4 leading causes of conjunctivitis and their secretions
Chemical
Bacterial: Purulent discharge/crusting ("pink eye")
Viral: Serous (watery)
Allergic: Watery to thick drainage that is itchy
166
What is conjunctivitis in children is called?
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
167
What causes Ophthalmia Neonatorum?
Gonorrhea (most common), Chlamydia, or
Herpes simplex virus = vital that we treat HSV quickly to prevent blindness or injury.
168
what is preorbital cellulitis and what causes it?
Bacterial infection of the upper eyelid and surrounding tissue.
Cause: staphylococcus or streptococcus
169
preorbital cellulitis S/S
Swollen, tender, red or purple eyelids with restricted, painful movement of the area around the eye, and fever.
170
Why is treatment of preorbital cellulitis so important?
It can lead to orbital cellulitis and possible bacterial meningitis.
171
How do we tx preorbital cellulitis?
IV antibiotics, IV fluids, and warm packs
172
preorbital cellulitis improves with tx within?
48-72
173
Burns eye
Irrigate the eye for 15-30 mins and transport to the ER
174
Penetrating injury eye
Never remove the object, as it should only be done by an ophthalmologist.
175
Corneal abrasions
flourisein strip to see the abrasion, erythromycin eye drops.
176
FB on conjunctiva
Avoid rubbing. Irrigate. If it cannot be removed, head to the ER
177
Black eye
warm compress
178
Otitis Media or acute otitis media
ear infection: inflammation of the middle ear. When a child has acute ear pain, building of the tympanic membrane, and middle ear effusion.
179
OM, who and when is it most common
In boys, children in daycare, children with allergies, and during the winter months
180
What is a natural way of protecting your child from OM
Breastfeeding
181
What would be a good tx for a patient with recurrent OM
Tympanostomy tubes
182
What is otitis externa?
Inflammation of the middle ear, also known as the swimmer's ear.
183
What is the tx for otitis externa?
Steroids + Antibiotic drops
184
Tonsillitis/Pharyngitis Bacteria?
Often, group-A beta-hemolytic strep (GABHS)
185
How is GABHS diagnosed?
throat culture
186
Tonsillitis tx:
supportive care
Oral PCN for 10 days with (+) Strep cause.
187
When is is a tonsillectomy is warranted?
7 ep. Of T in the previous year, 5 ep. Per year for 2 years, or 3 ep. Per year for 3 years. We would take them out with sleep apnea as well.
188
Chronic pain last how long?
3 months or longer
189
Nociceptive pain is what?
tissue injury or damage normal pain
190
Neuropathic pain is what?
Damage to a nerve, infiltration, compression, or infection
191
Behavioral consequences of pain
memories of past pain can trigger anxiety that elevates the pain response.
192
Children may not complain of pain because of:
Due to limited vacab, being brave, they assume you know, and afraid tx will be worse than the pain itself.
193
194
Newborn/Infant (Under 1) PAIN
NIPS Scale: >3 = pain
<6 months old- grimacing, poor feeding
6-12 months- Crying, irritable, restless
The face of pain after heel stick. note eye squeeze, brow bulge, nasolabial furrow, and a wide-spread mouth
195
Newborn/Infant (Under 1) PAIN scale used?
Neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS) Score greater than 3 = pain
196
FLACC scale is used at what age?
Toddler/Preschool (~ up to 4 years) Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability.
197
Wong-Baker scale is used at what age?
~ 4-5 years old
198
School-age and adolescent pain scale?
Oucher scale, faces pain relating scale, poker chip tool, word-graphic rating scale, numeric pain scale/visual analogue scale, and adolescent pediatric pain tool.
*Color in the areas on these drawings to show where you have pain. Make the marks as big or small as the place where the pain is.
199
How do we know what scale to use?
Readiness to use a self-report scale. If they can put things in order from smaller to bigger. **(Rank, order, and magnitude) **
200
Children with severe intellectual disabilities can use what for pain reporting?
Simple self-reporting tools.
201
For severe pain what can we give kids
Opioids: Morphine, Fent, Dilaudid
202
reversal for opioids
Naloxone
203
When do you know that a patient is ready to use a PCA pump?
Useful in children 6 years and older, the child should be able to push the button on their own and understand that when they press the button, they will receive medication. They also need to be able to use the self-reporting pain scale.
204
Non-opioid meds
NSAIDS: Motrin (Ibuprofen) 10mg kg q6, not given to children under 6 months of age, Naprosyn/Aleve, Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Can be given PO, PR, IV 15 mg/kg q 4-6
*Can give non-opioid and opioid pain meds together to improve response, but caution combo medications.
205
Important nursing consideration before and after giving pain meds
Always assess pain before and after giving the medications.
206
UTI (Lower Cystitis) S/S all ages
Foul-smelling diaper, fever, hematuria, dysuria, cloudy urine, dehydration, abd pain, enuresis.
207
What are important labs to obtain for UTI
UA & Urine culture, CBC (WBC)
208
Acute post-infection glomerulonephritis (APG): What is is caused by in children
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection
209
Acute post-infection glomerulonephritis (APG): definition
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys
210
Labs for kidneys and urine for Acute post-infection glomerulonephritis (APG)
(I) BUN/CR, (D) Serum Protien, (I) WBC, ASO titer for GABHS.
*UA: hemolysis, proteinuria, and RBC casts
211
What lab would tell you if the patient has had strep
Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer reflects antibodies from a recent strep infection
212
Sense APG can cause edema what are some nursing managements we want to do?
Daily weight, Accurate I&O, Daily abdominal girth.
213
Nephrotic syndrome what is the cause?
The cause is unknown but an immune system role is suspected.
214
What is the Tx for Nephrotic syndrome?
Steroids: 2mg/kg divided BID dose & Prednisone drug of choice (cheapest and safest)
215
What is the difference between Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic syndrome
Glomerulonephritis: Blood and protein passes, increased WBC, Anemia, cola-colored urine, DECREASED IMMUNITY (Infection)
Nephrotic syndrome: Protein passes, Increased risk for clots, Hypoalbuminemia, Foamy/dark urine, CONGENITAL (Disease)
216
Hypospadias
pee hole located at the top of the penis
217
Epispadias
pee hole located at the bottom of the penis
218
for every male newborn what do we assess for?
Hypospadias & Epispadias
219
Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate definition?
Failure of the maxillary process to fuse by 6 weeks gestation and failure of the tongue to move down at the correct time prevents the palatine processes from fusing.
220
Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate therapy?
Plastic surgeon, dentist/oral surgeon, Audiologist, SLP, ENT, Lactation, and social work/psychology
221
Gastroesophageal reflux factors?
Overfeeding, prematurity, frequent horizontal position, & small stomach
222
Gastroesophageal reflux clinical manifestations?
Regurgitation, spitting up, vomiting, hungry, and irritable.
223
What is a key sign of Pyloric stenosis?
Projectile vomiting
224
In Pyloric stenosis how do we treat?
Meet fluid and electrolyte needs: IV therapy: rehydrate and correct elytes: chloride is increased metabolic alkalosis
225
for Pyloric stenosis sense everything is being vomited back up what considerations should we keep in mind?
Strict I&O minimizes weight loss, promotes rest and comfort, and prevents infection.
226
Omphalocele
THROUGH THE UMBILICAL CORD IN A SAC. If the sac ruptures the internal organs are eviserated
227
Gastroschisis
DEFECT IN THE ABDOMINAL WALL TO THE SIDE
*Unlike Omphalocele, no membrane covers the organs
228
Intussusception definition?
Occurs when a portion of the intestine invaginates into another, leading to inflammation, edema, and decreased blood flow.
229
What is the most common location for Intussusception?
Ileocecal valve
230
What type of stool would you see in Intussusception?
Currant jelly stools
231
Intussusception Tx?
Air enema or surgical reduction air enema is typically done first.
232
Hirschsprung disease defintion?
Ganglion cells in the colon and rectum are not there leading to no motility of the stools and can lead to megacolon.
233
For infants, what is an indicator of Hirschsprung disease
Failure to pass meconium in the 1st 48 hours of life, abdominal distention, feeding intolerance, and bilious emesis.
234
How do we diagnose Hirschsprung disease?
rectal suction biopsy
235
what is a complication of Hirschsprung disease?
Enterocolitis
Can be fatal if untreated!
236
what is enterocolitis and is it fatal?
Inflammation of the intestines is the leading complication. IT IS FATAL
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Gastroenteritis definition?
Inflammation of stomach and intestines that may be accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea.
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What is the most severe complication of gastroenteritis?
Dehydration
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Appendicitis definition?
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix and is the most common cause of emergency surgery in children.
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What is the pain path of appendicitis?
Starts with epigastric or periumbilical pain and then moves to the RLQ.
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Appendicitis (PANT)
Pain, anorexia, nausea, and temperature.
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What is the gold standard for diagnosing appendicitis
Ultra-sound
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Hyperbilirubinemia clinical manifestations
Jaundice (>5g/dL), Lethargy, and decreased PO intake
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Hyperbilirubinemia diagnostic?
TSB: total serum bili
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YOUR FINALLY DONE CONGRATS!!!
you win nothing but knowledge and potentially a good grade if you actually remember all of these slide LMAO YOUR SO COOKED DUMB AH.
