Chapter 4: Growth & Development Flashcards
LEARN SHIT
Growth is what
Quantitative increase in physical size or measurement
Development is what
Qualitative increase in capability or functioning
What are crucial components in the planning of pediatric health care
The quantitative and qualitative changes in body and organ functioning, ability to communicate, and performance of motor skills over time.
Skills develop according to two processes what are they?
Cephalocaudal: refers to growth that occurs from the head downward through the body and towards the feet. (e.g., infants learn head control before learning to sit, and they learn to sit before they learn to stand.
Proximodistal: Refers to development that occurs from the center of the body outward. (e.g., infants can control their trunk much before they master the fine motor movements of their hands.
Erik Erikson
Trust vs mistrust, Autonomy vs shame & doubt, Initiative vs guilt, Industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion.
Birth-1yr
Trust vs mistrust
Caregiver gives them what they need to survive; if needs aren’t met, they don’t trust.
1-3 yr
Autonomy vs shame & doubt
Toddlers have control over their body secretions, say no, and participate and play. if they get to much shit for doing their thing they may become shameful in their abilities.
3-6 yr
Initiative vs guilt
They take the initiative in learning new things and have ideas. Wants to explore the world and develop a purpose. Once again if they get to much shit they develop guilt.
6-12 yr
industry vs inferiority
They develop interests and activities. The child takes pride in W’s and activities. But if parents and people the kid looks up to show set to high expectations they will feel inferior.
12-18 yr
Identity vs role confusion
During adolescence, the body matures, and thought processes become more complex. A new sense of self develops. An adolescent who cannot develop a meaningful definition of self will experience confusion in one or more roles in life.
Jean Piaget
He believed that the child’s view of the world was primarily influenced by age and maturational ability.
Assimilation: new information is altered to fit into existing ideas.
*A little kid looks at a zebra for the 1st time and calls it a striped horse. They don’t change their understanding yet–try to make the new thing fit their old knowledge.
Accommodation: Existing ideas are changed to incorporate new information
*That’s not a horse; it’s a zebra. They are different because they have stripes and live in Africa. The child now realizes horses and zebras are different and adjusts their thinking to create a new category for zebras. Instead of forcing new info into an old idea, they change their understanding to fit reality.
0-2 yr
Sensorimotor: Infant has basic reflexes and begins to construct an understanding of the world by LEARNING THROUGH SENSES & MOVEMENT.
Babies explore the world by touching, tasting, looking and moving
Object permanence develops
If you can’t see it it does not exist
2-7 yr
Preoperational: The child begins to represent the world with words and images–an increase in symbolic thinking from just sensory and physical actions.
Imagination, but not logic. They are egocentric they see the world only through their eyes.
Lack conservation (don’t understand that changing the shape of something doesn’t change the amount–like thinking a tall glass has more juice than a short, wide one).
Pre = Pretend play & perspective (only theirs)
7-11 yr
Concrete operational: Logical thinking, but only about real (concrete) things.
Concrete = real things, like concrete roads– cant think about abstract stuff yet.
Make connections logically
11-15 yr
Formal operational: Thinking beyond what’s in front of them.
Can think about abstract concepts ( like love, justice, or hypothetical situations).
Can do problem solving & critical thinking. (What if we lived on Mars?).
Development of moral reasoning (Understand fairness, ethics, etc.).
Make connections through logic + Abstract thought.
Formal = Future thinking
Frueds theory helps nurse understand what?
Helps us understand the importance that hospitalization has on our patients.
Erkison’s theory helps nurses understand what?
Understanding these crucial points in the childs life and what normal progression looks like is tantamount in providing care.
Piaget’s theory helps nurses understand what?
Understand the child’s thought process in order to design age-appropriate activities and distraction techniques.
Why do we pull from all of these theoretical perspectives?
So we can plan assessments of the child’s well physical growth and developmental milestones.
How can we synthesize information and makes assessments?
We assess the child’s physical and psychological development and make referrals for disparity between actual and expected age.
Principles of growth and development
Age, Physical Growth, Fine Motor Ability, and Sensory Ability. Next SLIDES
Birth to 1 month
Physical Growth: Gains 140 to 200g (5-7oz)/week
Fine Motor Ability: Holds hand in fist
Gross Motor Ability: Alerts to high-pitched voices & comforts with touch
Sensory Ability: Follows objects in line of vision
2-4 months
Physical Growth: Posterior fontanelle closes
Fine Motor Ability: Holds rattle and other objects when placed in hand & Brings hands to midline.
Gross Motor Ability: Can turn from side to back, then return & When prone, holds head and supports weight on forearms
Sensory Ability: X
4-6 months
Physical Growth: 2x birth weight at 5-6 months & teeth may begin to erupt at 6 months.
Fine Motor Ability: Holds bottle & Palmar grasp
Gross Motor Ability: No head lag when pulled to sitting. Turns from ABD to back by 4 months and then back to ABD by 6 months. When held standing, supports much of own weight.
Sensory Ability: X
