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5B Higher Modern Studies > Implications of the UK’s decision to leave the European Union (EU) > Flashcards

Implications of the UK’s decision to leave the European Union (EU) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the European Union?

A

A unique economic and political union between 27 European countries.

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2
Q

How long had the United Kingdom been a part of the EU?

A

Since 1973

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3
Q

What date did the United Kingdom officially leave the EU?

A

31st January 2020

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4
Q

What date did the EU referendum take place?

A

23rd June 2016

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5
Q

What question were eligible voters posed?

A

Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?

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6
Q

What percentage of the electorate voted to leave?

A

51.9%

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7
Q

What percentage of the electorate voted to remain?

A

48.1%

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8
Q

What does the term ‘Brexit’ mean?

A

‘Britain’s exit’ or ‘British exit’ and it refers to the United Kingdom leaving the European Union.

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9
Q

Who promised to ‘get Brexit done’?

A

Boris Johnston’s Conservative Party

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10
Q

What was the decision to hold the referendum was primarily driven by?

A

Political factors and concerns about the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European Union.

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11
Q

Who promised to hold a referendum on European Union membership in their 2015 general election manifesto?

A

The Conservative Party, led by then-Prime Minister David Cameron

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12
Q

What did the United Kingdom government trigger after the referendum resulted in favour of leaving the European Union?

A

Article 50

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13
Q

What were the main campaign issues during the referendum?

A

Single market
Customs union
Democracy

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14
Q

What is the single market?

A

Citizens of European Union countries have the right to travel, live and work within other European Union countries, asfree movement is one of the four founding principles of the European Union.

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15
Q

What did the Remain campaign say about the single market?

A

European Union immigration has had positive impacts on the United Kingdom’s economy, citing that the country’s growth forecasts were partly based upon continued high levels of net immigration. They also said there was a net tax gain from immigrant workers.

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16
Q

What did the Leave campaign say about the single market?

A

Reduced immigration will ease pressure in public services such as schools and hospitals, as well as giving British workers more jobs and higher wages.

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17
Q

What does the customs union do?

A

Makes it easier and cheaper for European Union companies to trade

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18
Q

What did the Remain campaign say about the customs union?

A

3.3million British jobs were linked to the EU through exports and suggest that some would be lost in the event of a British exit. They also said that trade with the European Union is valued at £400billion annually and to risk losing that trade could destroy the economy.

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19
Q

What did the Leave campaign say about the customs union?

A

Leaving the union would create more jobs and that small to medium-sized companies who see massive benefits. Those arguing to leave say that trade opportunities could be found with new partners such as those in Asia and the Americas.

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20
Q

Why was democracy a key issue during the campaign?

A

There was debate about where decisions should be taken, and at what level ultimate legal authority is vested.

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21
Q

What did the Remain campaign say about democracy?

A

Membership of the European Union gives Britain not only more economic strength, but also more influence and a stronger leadership role.

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22
Q

What was one of the Remain campaign slogans?

A

Britain Stronger in Europe

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23
Q

What did the Leave campaign say about democracy?

A

It would be better for the British people if decisions were made by the British Government alone.

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24
Q

What was one of the Leave campaign slogans?

A

Take back control

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25
Q

How many people voted to remain in the European Union?

A

16,141,241

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26
Q

How many people voted to leave the European Union?

A

17,410,742

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27
Q

Brexit had little cross party support. True or false?

A

True

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28
Q

How many people turned out to vote in the referendum?

A

Over 30 million people

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29
Q

What percentage of eligible voters voted in the referendum?

A

72.21%

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30
Q

What age group were far more likely to vote to remain in the European Union?

A

Younger people (aged 18-34)

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31
Q

What age group were far more likely to vote to leave the European Union?

A

Older people (aged 45+)

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32
Q

16-17 year olds were allowed to vote in this referendum. True or false?

A

False

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33
Q

What was the turnout for younger people (aged 18-24) in the referendum?

A

36%

34
Q

What was the turnout for older people (aged 65+) in the referendum?

A

83%

35
Q

What were the results of the referendum in Scotland?

A

62% Remain, 38% Leave

36
Q

What were the results of the referendum in Northern Ireland?

A

55.8% Remain, 44.2% Leave

37
Q

What were the results of the referendum in Wales?

A

47.5% Remain, 52.5% Leave

38
Q

What were the results of the referendum in England?

A

46.6% Remain, 53.4% Leave

39
Q

What did Scottish First MinisterNicola Sturgeon say on 24th June 2016?

A

It was “clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union” and that Scotland had “spoken decisively” with a “strong, unequivocal” vote to remain in the European Union.

40
Q

What was Theresa May’s time in government defined by?

A

Negotiating the terms of Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union

41
Q

What were the key negotiations that took place?

A

The withdrawal agreement
The future relationship between the UK and European Union
The trade agreement

42
Q

What is one economic advantage of the UK leaving the European Union?

A

Leaving the EU has meant that the UK has not had to contribute to the European Union budget or the significant new liabilities arising from the European Union’s Covid response.

43
Q

One economic advantage of Brexit is that the UK is no longer required to contribute to the EU budget. Explain this.

A

The United Kingdom no longer makes payments to the European Union as a Member State. It no longer needs to spend British taxpayer’s money on funding European Union projects that might not benefit Britain.

44
Q

How much did the European Union borrow between 2021-2024 for covid recovery?

A

€750 billion

45
Q

Why would no longer contributing to the European Union budget be advantageous for Britain?

A

The government are now able to direct their own spending and build their own responses tailored to our domestic needs. They are also able to spend their money on domestic priorities, such as improving our NHS, levelling up and achieving net zero which could benefit all British people.

46
Q

What is the expenditure on our NHS is projected to be by 2024–2025?

A

£57 billion higher in cash terms than was spent in 2016 (before Brexit), or over £1 billion more per week.

47
Q

One economic advantage of Brexit is that it has enabled the United Kingdom to sign free trade deals with non-European Union countries. Explain this.

A

European Union Law dictates that striking trade deals with countries outside the European Union is an exclusive responsibility of the European Union itself, rather than the national governments of member countries. Now that the United Kingdom has left the European Union, it is free to agree trade deals with countries all over the world without having to consider how these deals will impact European Union member countries.

48
Q

Why would being able to sign free trade deals with non-EU countries be advantageous for Britain?

A

This might be advantageous to Britain because the Government can make decisions for the benefit of the British economy by boosting trade, encouraging investment in British businesses and giving British consumers greater access to a wider range of competitively priced goods and services.

49
Q

What trade agreement came into effect in 2023?

A

The UK-Australia trade agreement

50
Q

How much is the UK-Australia trade agreement predicted to increase the size of the British economy?

A

0.02% over 15 years.

51
Q

One economic disadvantage of Brexit is that the UK has faced record high labour shortages. Explain this.

A

Leaving the European Union’s single market meant that the United Kingdom has had greater control over immigration. While previously anyone who lived in the European Union could legally move to and live in the United Kingdom, the UK government introduced a points-based system of immigration which made it more difficult for those without qualifications to come to the United Kingdom to work. This has created a shortage of low-skilled workers in the United Kingdom.

52
Q

Why would record high labour shortages be disadvantageous for Britain?

A

It has created a shortage of goods and underprovided services in industries such as transportation, retail, manufacturing, construction, administration and food. This puts the economy at risk of weak growth and increasingly higher inflation.

53
Q

Why does a shortage of goods and underprovided services drive wage rises?

A

So companies can attract higher skilled workers and continue to operate.

54
Q

What do companies do if they have to increase wages?

A

Try and offset the cost by increasing prices for goods and services

55
Q

Brexit has led to a shortfall of how many people in the United Kingdom workforce?

A

330,000

56
Q

One economic disadvantage of Brexit is that the UK is no longer part of the EU customs union. Explain this.

A

The customs union means that the customs authorities of all European countries work together as if they were one. They apply the same tariffs to goods imported into their territory from the rest of the world and apply no tariffs internally. This makes it easier and cheaper for member countries to trade with one another.

57
Q

Why would no longer being part of the EU customs union be disadvantageous for Britain?

A

Britain has lost negotiating power and free trade with other European Union countries. British exports now cost more for European Union member countries than they did previously, meaning European Union countries have been less likely to import products from Britain.

58
Q

What has European Union countries not importing products from Britain caused?

A

Companies to either reduce the size of their operations or move their operations to the EU, rendering workers unemployed and decreasing the size of the economy.

59
Q

The UK Office for Budget Responsibility expects Brexit to reduce Britain’s output by what percentage over 15 years as a result of not remaining in the bloc?

A

4%

60
Q

The UK Office for Budget Responsibility expects Brexit to reduce Britain’s output by what percentage in the long run as a result of not remaining in the bloc?

A

15%

61
Q

One political advantage of Brexit is that the United Kingdom has greater control of its democracy. Explain this.

A

The UK Parliament now has total control over decisions impacting United Kingdom citizens, and its voice can no longer be overlooked in favour of a majority of international states.

62
Q

Why would the United Kingdom having greater control of its democracy be advantageous for Britain?

A

It is better able to uphold democratic values. Decisions being made by UK representatives alone allows for greater accountability, while it is argued that better decisions will be made for the British people as British politicians will have a greater understanding of the issues facing them.

63
Q

What does research suggest about political decentralisation?

A

It increases participation as individuals are more likely to have their voice heard, increasing representation of minority views and producing a Parliament more representative of British society.

64
Q

One political advantage of Brexit is that the United Kingdom has established its own sanctions policy. Explain this.

A

The United Kingdom’s new independent sanctions policy means they are more agile when deciding how and where to use sanctions, while continuing to coordinate with our international partners.

65
Q

Why would the United Kingdom establishing its own sanctions policy be advantageous for Britain?

A

It can use its sanctions regimes as part of an integrated approach to promote its values and interests. It has also been suggested that this gives the UK more control over its own security and defence, enabling the government to better protect the country and to combat state threats, terrorism, cyber-attacks and the use and proliferation of chemical weapons.

66
Q

The United Kingdom were the first European country to sanction the which country’s regime?

A

For example, the UK were the first European country to sanction the regime in Belarus

67
Q

How many sanctions has the United Kingdom imposed on individuals and entities in its first full year running a fully independent UK sanctions policy?

A

and, overall, the UK imposed sanctions against 160 individuals and entities in its first full year running a fully independent UK sanctions policy.160

68
Q

One political disadvantage of Brexit is that the United Kingdom has less political influence. Explain this.

A

Brexit diminishes the UK’s standing in the world by distancing it from its natural European allies and calling into question its commitment to collaborating with other countries, including its loyalty to other international organisations such as the UN and NATO.

69
Q

Why would the United Kingdom having less political influence be disadvantageous for Britain?

A

Its ability to impact political decisions in international politics has been reduced. This means Britain’s voice may be overlooked when decisions concerning global politics are made which could have a negative impact on the British economy and ultimately the British people. It has also made Britain a less attractive trading partner.

70
Q

One political disadvantage of Brexit is that it has weakened the British Union. Explain this.

A

It has created conflict between the UK Government and the devolved governments.

71
Q

Why would the weakening of the British Union be disadvantageous for Britain?

A

The friction between the nations has led to a breakdown in the running of the country’s institutions and a breakdown in diplomacy, meaning that real issues which impact the public such as the cost-of-living crisis have been swept aside in favour of constitutional and identity politics. It has also created uncertainty in the financial markets through which growth has been stifled and investment sparse.

72
Q

What are the Welsh government up in arms about?

A

The loss of EU structural funds; the Scottish Government is planning a second independence referendum as Scotland voted to remain; and Northern Ireland is stuck in stasis, limping on without a regional government because of political grandstanding.

73
Q

What are the Scottish government planning?

A

A second independence referendum

74
Q

What is Northern Ireland stuck in?

A

Stasis, limping on without a regional government because of political grandstanding.

75
Q

One social advantage of Brexit is that it has allows the United Kingdom to have more control over immigration. Explain this.

A

The United Kingdom can shape immigration policies that align with its specific needs and priorities. This allows the country to tailor its criteria for entry, prioritising individuals with skills and expertise that benefit the United Kingdom’s economy and society.

76
Q

Why would the United Kingdom having more control over immigration be disadvantageous for Britain?

A

It is less likely now that Britons will learn from and be informed by highly skilled European Union nationals (and vice versa), while both United Kingdom and European Union nationals will be more likely to miss out on educational opportunities provided by universities across the continent. This could potentially impact people’s ability to pursue the careers that they need to improve their lives.

77
Q

How much was net migration in 2022?

A

-51,000, meaning more European Union nationals left the region than entered it

78
Q

How much was less was net migration in 2022 compared to 2021?

A

A decrease of 63,000

79
Q

One social disadvantage of Brexit is that the it has weakened the NHS. Explain this.

A

Due to issue concerning visas and the negative economic impact Brexit has had on the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom is now a less attractive destination for healthcare workers which has contributed to the staffing crisis which has weakened the NHS.

80
Q

Why would the weakening of the NHS be disadvantageous for Britain?

A

With fewer staff numbers, partly as a result of Brexit, operations are cancelled and waiting room times are longer, which directly affects the health of millions of British citizens.

81
Q

How many European doctors have chose to not work in the NHS?

A

More than 4,000

82
Q

What is the United Kingdom’s average net contribution to the European Union?

A

Around £7-7.5 billion per year (between 2016 and 2019)

5B Higher Modern Studies (4 decks)

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