Impacts Of Tectonic Hazards

Question 1

Give 3 primary impacts of volcanoes

Answer 1

• Pyroclastic flow
• Volcanic gas
• Ash fall

Question 2

Give 3 secondary impacts of volcanoes

Answer 2

• Lahar
• Famine
• Jokulhaups

Question 3

Give an example of an area where pyroclastic flow has had an impact

Answer 3

• St, Pierre, Martinique, 1902
• VEI 6
• Flow had temp of 700°C and speed of 33m/s
• 3000 died from internal burns and asphyxiation

Question 4

Give an example of an area where lahar has had an impact

Answer 4

• Mt Pinatubo, Philippinnes
• Triggered by rainfall mixing with ash and volcanic rock
• Transport tens of millions of metres cubed of sediment in a day

Question 5

Give an example of an area where volcanic gas has had an impact

Answer 5

• Lake Nyos, 1986
• 1746 people, 8000 livestock killed by cloud of carbon dioxide
• Gas travelled down 2 valleys and covered area of 60km squared

Question 6

Give an example of an area where ash fall has had an impact

Answer 6

• Krakatoa, 1883
• Ash cloud of cinder and ash spread around globe in 2 weeks
• Global cooling occurred for 1-2 years

Question 7

Give an example of an area where famine has had an impact

Answer 7

• Laki fissure, Iceland, 1783
• Lava poured out of 24km fissure
• Damage to crops and ash killed 100,000 (20% population)

Question 8

Give an example of an area where jokulhaups has had an impact

Answer 8

• Grimsvotn, Iceland, 1996
• 3 million metres cubed of meltwater accumulated underneath Vatnojokull ice cap
• Sub glacial lake burst, water flooded
• Second biggest flow of water in world
• $14 million in damages

Question 9

Give a primary impact of earthquakes

Answer 9

• Surface seismic waves

Question 10

Give 4 secondary impacts of earthquakes

Answer 10

• Liquefaction (e.g. Christchurch, 2011: Caused buildings to collapse in random pattern)
• Landslides (e.g. Nepal, 2015: Hampered aid efforts due to blockages and damages)
• Avalanches (e.g. Alps)
• Tsunamis (e.g. Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004: Killed 230,000)