Impacts of globalisation on international migration Flashcards
Define migrant
Someone who moves their permanent residence from one country to another for at least a year
Define economic migrant
Someone emigrating for better employment/improve financial position
Define refugee
Person left home country because they fear from persecution/conflict. If a country grants rights them become an asylum seeker
Define asylum seeker
Refugee who made request for protection and waiting for approval while from host country
Define irregular migrant
Person enters the country/remains in country without a valid visa/ overstayed duration of visa
Name global migration patterns
South East Asia- Middle East driven by oil wealth/construction booms
Mexico-USA improved quality of living
Define global shift
Western countries in factories in Asia shift of industries due to cheap labour/resources
Case study: Rural-urban migration China
Move due to difference in living standards (infant mortality, literacy rate)
Experienced largest internal migration recorded 229.8 million
Currently 6 megacities
In order to control migration China implemented Huko system
Explain Huko system
Migrants must buy registered permit allowing them into the city, attempt to control flow of migrants
Evaluate Huko system
Pro’s:
effective in slowing rural-urban migration
No large slums surrounding major cities
Government can influence where population can go
Con’s:
Expensive permits
poor quality houses, high rent
no public holidays for hoku workers
no affordable healthcare
tight restrictions easily deported
can’t bring family
Case study: Schengen agreement
1995 abolished internal border controls within EU
26 countries
Allowing movement in EU no issues, seasonal workers for tourism/agriculture
Problems: terrorism attacks easier to move
Multiple attacks (Paris/UK) also allows drug/weapon trafficking
Case study: Japan international migration
Ageing population structure (imbalance)
Reduced workforce less people paying tax affect economy in future
27% pop. over 65
1.7% pop. immigrants
IMF states for a vibrant economy 5% immigrants is needed
Japan is anti-immigrant
Case study: Australia international migration
High migration rate 200,000 allowed per year
System based on skills:
This system brings 10% more per capita to Aus GDP each year
Between 2015-2050 migrants expected to add $1.2 trillion to AUS GDP
88% of migrants under 40 economically active
System also allows skill shortage to be met
Case study: Singapore international migration
Limited migration 3% migrant pop.
When Singapore industrialised large increase of migrants to fuel econ. growth
2010: 25.7% migrant pop.
Now implemented visa system: different for low/high skilled workers
Strict rules for low skill workers
Skilled workers brought in under liberalised rules
Name the 3 patterns of international migration
Voluntary economic migrant
Refugees
Asylum seekers
Case study: UK international migration
Restrictions tightened 2010 lower net migration
System more selective about Non EU members
2014 non EU migrants sharp increase
2020 50,00/ 2022 500,000
Wind Rush regeneration 1948
Carribbean 1945 recruited for TFL, buses, construction
1960’s Pakistan/India doctors/nurses
Name the 5 causes of migration theories
Neoclassical theory
Dual labour market theory
New economics of labour theory
Relative deprivation theory
World systems theory
Explain neoclassical theory
most significant push factor being wage differences
Mexico-USA
Explain Dual labour market theory
migrant workers move into jobs home pop. doesn’t want to fill
Phillippines-UK (care home)
Explain new economics of labour
Migrants send remittances home to improve life at home
Bangladesh
Explain relative deprivation theory
families that are successful migrant benefit from better schooling and homes encouraging others to move
Explain World system theory
Trade patterns can make a country poor, migrants move to a successful country. Colonial history encourages migration due to connection
Jamaica-UK
Define periphery
Rural areas of country, economic growth in these areas suffers as people move away to core regions
Explain UK internal migration reasons x4
Deindustrialisation- the shut down of industry/coal mines due to global shift caused investment into service industry
people move away to these service industries
Regenerating large cities- cleaner/modern attract younger urban lifestyle. Young families move away to rural. Clear age influence/pattern of migration in London
Student migration- student moved influenced by living costs, universities, accessibillty, preference of city
Retired population- moving to a coastal location Worthing (rural area) 23% pop, over 65.
Define cultural assimilation
Where a culture minority slowly establishes itself within a community
Factors affecting assimilation x6
Intermarriage- marriage sharing of culture
Well educated- businesses forced to link with culture/agencies
Education- migrants learning history in lessons RPE
Language- migrants having 2nd language, younger migrants assimilate much quicker
Jobs- culture spread through companies/celebrations
Over reliance on benefits- reinforces negative stereotypes, limit interaction with other groups
Case study: Cultural assimilation Germany
Germany needs immigrants to support ageing pop. But if migrants don’t receive quality services, end up costing the state.
High % Turkish migrants 3 million
Only a portion have school learning certificate. However, limited attitude persisted of Turkish migrants temporarily staying. 2/3 immigrants can’t read 4th year of school. 80% primary school classes can’t speak German
This persisting attitude has reduced assimilation into Germany pop. To improve assimilation government change immigration laws to allow permanent citizenship
Case study: UK cultural assimilation
Pakistan/Bangladesh assimilate much faster
EU/USA assimilate much slower
Italians assimilate the least
Many fear that cultural dilution of traditional culture result in culture clash. Little evidence to support this.
Identity changes depending on time spent in country
Evaluate social impacts of migration
(migration perception)
Pro’s:
Communities increase
Con’s:
increase in hate crime/community tension
overcrowded areas/strain on services (Wind rush generation)
Evaluate economic impacts of migration
(migration perception)
Pro’s:
fills skill shortage (UK- Phillippines caring)
entreupeners come over (Restaurants/shops)
migrants pay tax (elite migrants)
Con’s:
can drive down average wages
increase money spent on translation services
more money needed on services
Evaluate cultural impacts of migration (migration perception)
Pro’s:
traditions spread
Festivals/music (Notting hill carnival)
Con’s:
Cultural dilution
Evaluate demographic impacts of migration (migration perception)
Pro’s:
Lowers average age
Reduces pension burdens
Younger families coming in
Con’s:
Strain on services
Case study: Japan migration perception
Japan needs migration to help resolve ageing pop. concerns. Recommended 5% migrant pop. currently has 1.63%
Japan prides itself off homogenous pop./ racial unification
“no migration” policy widely supported as pop. concerned migrants will disrupt society, increase crime, fear of cultural dilution
Case study: USA/Mexico migrant perception
Large scale immigrant movement after economic boom in USA
2015 11.7 million Mexican
28% of 42.4 mill migrant pop. in USA
USA pop. divided on immigration
51% immigration strengthens country
41% said was burden
Republican voters are more anti-immigrant
Trump
