How are nations states defined/evolving

Question 1

Explain how physical borders work

Answer 1

Physical borders are due to the physical landscape of the area such as river, mountains

UK/France- English Channel
France- Alps

Question 2

Explain how colonial borders work

Answer 2

Borders set up during colonial times without considering religious/ethnic/ tribal groups

Egypt/Sudan-1899 set up by Britain
Africa- Berlin conference 1884 EU power meet to divide Africa no involvement of indigenous people

Question 3

Define nation state

Answer 3

Sovereign state where most citizens are unified by language/culture

Question 4

Case study: Taiwan (border conflict)

Answer 4

Independent 1950, China sees as rebel nation
China still claiming sovereignty over T , insisting nations can’t have official relations, go through China
Despite restrictions T has become major Asian trader close links with USA

2021: China sending military aircraft into T airspace
2022: China launches missiles into surrounding water
2024: President wants independence

Question 5

Name another example of border conflict

Answer 5

Russia/Ukraine

Question 6

Define nationalism

Answer 6

Identifying with and developing a sense of belong to a nation through ties to cultural symbols such as flag, sports, foods

Question 7

Case study: French Revolution (nationalism)

Answer 7

Removing power from french monarchy placing power into the hands of ordinary citizens.
New laws applied to make everyone equal, standardised form of french taught across country

Loyalty towards France grew/ new national identity emerged

Strong identity means sign of countries wanting to expand empire
French now seen as threat 1804 Emperor had plans to expand over EU.
Military victories boost patriotism led to tensions with Austria/Russia

Question 8

Case study: German unification (Nationalism)

Answer 8

In order to unify Germany provoke war with France
German states unified to win France. Winning produced boost of patriotism
Becoming large unified state in EU, quickly industrialise

Germany created alliances to isolate France
Backfired as France and Britain grew closer creating tensions

Question 9

Define imperialism

Answer 9

policy extending country’s power/influence through colonial isolation, using military force

Question 10

Define colonialism

Answer 10

policy/practice of acquiting full/partial political control over another country occupying it with settlers exploiting their economy

Question 11

Define reverse colonialism

Answer 11

the return of colonised people to their native land

Question 12

Case study: Reverse colonialism UK to India

Answer 12

OCI (overseas citizens of India) allows one to retain their nationalism but have a life long visa for India.

Push factors (out England)
Struggle to diffuse into identity, felt marginalised (racism)
Globalisation/technology work from anywhere
OCI benefits India as people move back bringing their skills with

Pull (to India)
Increasing westernisation in India
India’s economy expanding
larger market 1.2 billion
low cost of living
home comforts/culture

Question 13

How to new nation states emerge

Answer 13

Tax havens

Question 14

Case study: Iraq borders

Answer 14

Iraq has history of multiple empires (Ottoman Empire)
UK gained authority in 1920
Iraq gained independence 1932 inheriting UK historical borders. These borders were influenced by France to divide spheres of influence.

Since independence Iraq experienced civil conflict due to tensions between 3 ethnic group
Sunni Shiite, Kurdish
colonial borders being root cause of civil war

Question 15

Examples of contested borders

Answer 15

Arctic ocean
Taiwan

Question 16

Case study: Ukraine conflict (contested borders)

Answer 16

Independence Soviet Union 1991 become sovereign land developing own culture.
Border now contested because Russia believes that they share same culture/language/cultural identity therefore explaining/justifying invasion

Ukraine fight back with increased military presence and NATO membership

Question 17

Explain wind of change

Answer 17

Creation of new nation states in 1960’s from previous British colonies in Africa known as wind of change

Question 18

Explain post-colonial conflict

Answer 18

The process of decolonising can leave a country unstable/ costly to social/environmentally/economically due to fighting.
Country unstable

Question 19

Case study: South Sudan (Post colonial conflict)

Answer 19

World’s newest country due to civil war but didn’t bring peace as war between 60 ethnic groups as they compete for power
Civil war displacing 2.2 million people

Question 20

Case study: Vietnam (Post colonial conflict)

Answer 20

Colonised by France, occupied by Japan
1940’s Vietnamese people fought French rule but divided the country into two rival states:
North- allied w/ communist states China
South- saw post colonial future/ capitalist/ support from USA

Conflict intensified, intervention from USA developed into The Vietnam War. North won in 1975, country unified under communist govern.

Question 21

Explain post-colonial migration

Answer 21

Decolonisation often associated with conflicts/poor governance creating strong push factors from new independent states to imperial powers.
Changing the ethnic composition of former colonies

Question 22

Case study: Immigration changing the UK (post-colonial migration)

Answer 22

British Commonwealth- 500,000 workers from Caribbean work needed to rebuild industry/services (TFL).
Poverty in Caribbean due to economic transition after independence
(Wind rush generation)

1960’s: Flow of migrants into textile industry
750,000 Pakistans
1/2 mill Indians

Question 23

How do new states emerge

Answer 23

Globalisation encouraged the movement of capital between countries (FDI/liberalisation) meaning businesses can relocate to countries with low tax regimes
acting as a haven for profits

Question 24

Define tax haven/ examples

Answer 24

Place that offers financial services to wealthy/companies often characterised by secrecy enabling avoidance of tax/criminal activity

Switzerland/Luxembourg/British Virgin Isles

Question 25

What has increased use of tax havens

Answer 25

Deregulation- 1970-1980’s restrictions reduced allows capital to be transferred freely (EU)

Privatisation- industries sold to TNC’s/indiv chosing to live in tax havens allowing to avoid tax. Used to be owned by govern.

Question 26

Explain the negatives of tax havens-
(Africa case study)

Answer 26

Tax havens account for $13 trillion could have been spent globally on services/infrastructure

Tax havens impact the poorest countries the most:
Tax havens drain $1.2 trillion a year from Africa undermining development/poverty reduction

Responsible for increasing wealth inequalites

Question 27

What are the consequences of global inequality

Answer 27

62 billionaires equal to 3.6 billion poorest people

Consequences:
unequal access to education continuing reinforce global inequality
Poor health unable to afford nutritional food
800 million people go hungry every day
29,000 children die each day from preventable diseases

UK,AUS, Spain countries have become more expensive to live in

Question 28

How is global inequality and capitalism linked

Answer 28

Inequality is inevitable outcome of capitalism as it focuses on the indiv. wealth than a wider wealth/success

Question 29

Case study: Bolivia alternative economic model (Global inequality)

Answer 29

National strategy to reduce reliance on TNC’s so profits go back into govern.
Focused on developing manufacturing industry to increase value/profits add to own economy

Redistribute the wealth into the wider community than indiv. wealth