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Global Environmental Challenges > Impacts, Driving Forces and State Changes > Flashcards

Impacts, Driving Forces and State Changes Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the driving forces behind Athropogenic Climate Change?

A
  • Electricity use
  • Transport
  • Agriculture
  • Land use & Forestry
  • Industrial processes and product use
  • Waste
  • Fugitive Emissions
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2
Q

How are State Changes organised?

A
  • They can be clearly distinguished because they do not directly involve humans; this is largely the domain of the natural sciences
  • They are organised in a rough time order sequence but there are many loops and iterative processes
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3
Q

What are the first four major State Changes?

A
  • Change in atmospheric GHG concentrations
  • Temperature change in atmosphere, surface, oceans
  • Water vapour concentrations increase with temperature; humidity change
  • Change in oceanic CO2 concentrations
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4
Q

What is the fifth major State Change?

A
  • Significant shifts in global
    regional weather, rainfall, climate patterns and variability increase in extreme weather events, cyclones and storms
  • Cloud cover change, albedo effect, bushfires, increased wind speeds, increased frequency and intensity of heatwaves
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5
Q

What are the last two major State Changes?

A
  • Melting polar, sea and other major ice regions

- Sea level rise; coastal inundation

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6
Q

What is the “Oceanic Current Shifts” State Change?

A
  • The AMOC brings warm water from the equator up towards the Atlantic’s northern reaches and cold water back down through the deep ocean.
  • The current is partly why meteorologists are linking changes in North Atlantic ocean temperatures to recent summer heat waves.
  • May be from melting Greenland ice; winds; and ocean temp increase
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7
Q

What is the “Biodiversity Changes” and “Pests & Invasive Species” State Changes?

A
  • Biodiversity Changes: growth rates of biomass;
    habitat fragmentation and degradation; interfere with life cyles (e.g. germination)
  • Pests and invasive species: reduces the resilience of native species.
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8
Q

What is the “Potential Positive Feedback Loops” State Change?

A
  • (e.g. melting of tundra; permafrost – methane release); shifting ocean currents; albedo effect of less ice (dark surfaces increase warming) => loop back to atmospheric GHG concentration change and temperature change and other processes, systems and cycles
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9
Q

What are some of the long-term effects of global climate change?

A
  • Continued change in the atmosphere
  • Temperature will continue to rise
  • Frost-free Season (and Growing Season) will Lengthen
  • Changes in Precipitation Patterns
  • More Droughts and Heat Waves
  • Hurricanes Will Become Stronger and More Intense
  • Sea Level Will Rise 1-4 feet by 2100
  • Arctic Likely to Become Ice-Free
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10
Q

What are some of the key potentially disturbing factors for Climate Change?

A
  • Disruption and unpredictability (and perhaps the speed of change)
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11
Q

What are the first three impacts of climate change?

A
  • Flooding of fertile land and major areas of human settlement; housing & infrastructure damage or loss (and costs for adaptation)
  • Loss of safe areas for urban and other economic use
  • Shifts in regional agricultural productivity (livestock, crops, horticulture) – from many state changes; heat stress
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12
Q

What are the 4th - 6th impacts of climate change?

A
  • Major changes in water demands (and availability)
  • Changes in energy and materials needed for heating and cooling
  • Health impacts – famine, food insecurity, heat waves (and cold) weather effects; incidence and location of disease(e.g. malaria); air pollution (from fossil fuel); biosecurity risks; drought and mental health
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13
Q

What are the last four impacts of climate change?

A
  • Increasing energy costs for accessing water supply and food
  • Lifestyle recreation changes: air con; forests; water; heat
  • Mass migration and dislocation; international conflict from loss of arable land and water supply change
  • Water and air filtration (others ecosystem services) disruption
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14
Q

What is another way of classifying and examining potential impacts?

A

Economic/Market Impacts:
- Often clearly reflected in changes in economic costs and benefits in the market; but not all economic impacts are in the market

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15
Q

What are the market sectors for the market impacts?

A
  • Forestry
  • Fisheries
  • Insurance
  • Public infrastructure
  • Energy
  • Tourism/recreation
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16
Q

What are the non-market sectors for the market impacts?

A
  • (Many are social impacts but also have an economic aspect)
  • Human health
  • Ecosystems
  • Freshwater resources
  • Dislocation/ social disruption and suffering/cultural losses
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17
Q

What is TEV?

A
  • Total Economic Value (of natural resources)

- It’s the total positive value or benefit of a natural resource (to humans?) – e.g. the atmosphere

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18
Q

What is TEV used for?

A
  • TEV is used to consider all of the benefits that natural systems currently provide us (or are likely to in the future) so that we can assess how the State Changes cause Impacts on humans.
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19
Q

How is TEV calculated?

A
  • TEV = use + non-use values

- TEV = direct use + indirect use + option + bequest + vicarious + existence values

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20
Q

What is the TEV Scheme?

A
  • The total economic value (TEV) scheme helps us include and assess all of the impacts of natural resources
  • It looks at all the componenets of the TEV
21
Q

In the TEV Scheme, what does the Total Economic value split into?

A
  • Use values (personal)

- Non-use values (non-personal use)

22
Q

In the TEV Scheme, what is the “Use values (personal)” branch split into?

A
  • Direct use values
  • Indirect use values
  • Option values
23
Q

In the TEV Scheme, what is the “Non-use values (non-personal use)” branch split into?

A
  • Bequest values
  • Vicarious values
  • Existence values
  • Intrinsic values
24
Q

Draw and label the TEV Scheme

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/16FjJCOFWz5ynvXAK-XpESXD05IefA35BJCL75vT4HVc/edit?usp=sharing

25
Q

What are Environmental Valuation Methods?

A

Theory, techniques and application methods based on economic theory have been devised to assign monetary values to environmental goods and services, and these values can then be incorporated into decision-making at the project, sectoral and national levels.

26
Q

What is the basis for Environmental Valuation Methods?

A

Using TEV in identifying all of the Climate Change impacts on the benefits that nature provides us

27
Q

What are Environmental Valuations Methods used for?

A
  • Valuation is the key for social cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and is used in multiple-criteria analysis (MCA) decision-making frameworks (decision making about whether to respond to CC and how much).
28
Q

What should be taken into account when analysing the Impacts on humans in the DPSIR model for CC.

A
  • For analysing environmental problems, think about costs and benefits (C&Bs)
  • Actually, social C&Bs , because they apply to society overall, not just individuals in markets
29
Q

What are the general approaches to assessing ACC impacts?

A
  • Market = “Economic”
  • Non-Market
  • Environmental Costs
30
Q

What is the Market = “Economic” approach to assessing ACC impacts?

A
  • This Approach means that it’s fairly easy to quantify the impacts of ACC if we have market exchange values
  • The Economic Pillar
31
Q

What is the Non-Market approach to assessing ACC impacts?

A
  • The Non-Market approach is mainly indirect economic effects or just economic flows that do not go through market (subsistence, black mkt, barter); also socio-psychological costs like suffering, loss of social connection, community, status, place, lifestyle effects
  • often have some kind of proxy or related value we can use to measure
  • It’s more social (and subjective)
  • The Social Pillar
32
Q

What is the Environmental Costs approach to assessing ACC impacts?

A

– An assessment of how much an impact of the ACC is going to cost a nation or region, but they only become costs or benefits when economic or social

33
Q

What is the best way to present the impacts of ACC on the economy?

A
  • The best way to express the damages, is as a percentage of the global economic output
  • This looks like a graph where the climate damages as a % of global economy (y-axis) is plotted against Global Temperature changes in degrees Celsius (x-axis)
34
Q

Draw and label the Climate Damages vs Temperature Graph

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/16FjJCOFWz5ynvXAK-XpESXD05IefA35BJCL75vT4HVc/edit?usp=sharing

35
Q

What impacts were measures to calculate the GDP effects on the Climate Damage vs Temperature Graph?

A
  • Economic/Market Impacts

- Non-Market Sectors

36
Q

What are the Economic/Market impacts

A
  • One of the Impacts measured to calculate the GDP effect on Climate Change
  • Often clearly reflected in changes in economic costs and benefits in the market; but not all economic impacts are in the market
  • likely effects include:
     Forestry
     Fisheries
     Insurance
     Public infrastructure
     Energy
     Tourism/recreation
37
Q

What are the Non-Market Sectors impacts?

A
  • One of the Impacts measured to calculate the GDP effect on Climate Change
  • Many are social impacts but also have an economic aspect
     Human health
     Ecosystems
     Freshwater resources
     Dislocation/social disruption and suffering/cultural losses
38
Q

To carry out an environmental valuation, what do we have to do?

A
  • Understand the environmental State Change (S) involved (e.g. average rainfall change in a region)
  • Understand the magnitude of the IMPACT in biophysical or social/demographic terms (e.g. increase in dengue fever cases)
39
Q

What is the Environmental Valuation also known as?

A

The “Dose (cause) -Response (effects) Function”

- If we don’t know what the environmental Valuation is, it is not possible to value the effects or impacts on society.

40
Q

What are “Marketing Goods”?

A
  • Goods in a market economy sold for prices which reflect supply and demand. Market price is observable.
41
Q

What are “Non-Market Goods”?

A
  • Goods that are not bought or sold directly in the market (in other words, goods that are not traded in the market). Non-market goods do not have observable monetary values.
42
Q

What is “Valuation of Non-Market Goods”?

A
  • Since there is no market price for non-market goods, valuation of non-market goods involves assigning monetary values to those goods.
43
Q

What information do Non-Market Goods Valuation Methods rely on?

A
  • From the markets for related goods (a revealed preference method)
  • Direct information on people’s preference (stated preference methods).
  • (Non market goods valuation does not mean using a non monetary scale to valuate non-market goods.)
44
Q

What are some of the valuation methods that can be used to estimate the use and non-use values affected by CC?

A
  • Either part of the Revealed Preferences Methods or the Stated Preference Methods:
  • Market Price
  • Avoidance Costs
  • Travel Costs
  • Hedonic Pricing
  • Choice Modelling
  • Contingent Valuation
45
Q

What are the Revealed Preference Methods?

A
  • Based on actual market behaviour and changes in the value of affected G&S directly in their markets or in related (proxy) markets
46
Q

What are the Stated Preference Methods?

A
  • Surveying people to see how much an environmental

benefit is worth to them in terms of $s or in relation other G&S

47
Q

What is MCA?

A
  • Multi-Criteria Analysis
  • MCA is a general technique for the comparative assessment of alternative projects based on several criteria.
  • The method is designed to help decision-makers to integrate the different impacts, based on the preferences and scores of stakeholders, analysts and actors concerned.
48
Q

What are the two possible frameworks for developing Responses to Climate Change?

A
  • Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

- Social Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA)

49
Q

What is BCA?

A
  • Social Benefit-Cost Analysis- and Risk Analysis

- A profit-loss analysis from society’s point of view

Global Environmental Challenges (7 decks)

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