Impact of Empire, incl. Migration Flashcards

Question

Jewish people

Answer 1

Most expelled in 1290, but some will have stayed and converted in order to not lose their homes. 1650s Oliver Cromwell allowed Jewish people asylum

Answer 2

James I (r. 1603-25) m. Anne of Denmark Charles I (r. 1625-49) m. Henrietta Maria of France Charles II (r.1600-85) (merry monarch) sib. James II (r. 1685-88) m. Anne Hyde Mary II (r. 1689-94) m. William III (r. 1689-1702) (glorious revolution) sib. Anne (r. 1702-14) m. George of Denmark Power then moved away from Tudor family to the Hanover (german) family

Answer 3

England c.1000-1707 Great Britain 1707-1800 after the Unity act England and Scotland ruled under same monarch past 1603, but not combined

Answer 4

William of Orange and Mary II overthrow James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. This was the start of Government's power over the monarchy. Coronation oath sworn by William and Mary: "We solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of England and the dominions thereun to belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same."

Answer 5

- Laws should not be removed without the consent of Parliament - No taxes should be imposed without the authority of Parliament - People should have the right to petition the monarch without fear of punishment - No standing army may be maintained during peacetime without the consent of Parliament - Parliaments should be held frequently

Answer 6

Brought freedoms and opportunities for the people of England, and ended the absolute rule of the monarch

Answer 7

Freedoms granted only to some people, specifically the rich, who exploited colonies, removing the freedoms of people from other nations

Answer 8

1689-91 '89 - March, James arrived in Ireland with 6,000 French troops (from King Louis). He passed a law in Dublin giving confiscated land back to former Catholic owners. He declared that the English Parliamed had no right to make laws governing Ireland '89 - April, Jacobite forces led by the Earl of Tyrconnell swept North, taking land from Protenstant plantation owners, and surrounded Protestants in Derry. William sent warships and troops '89 - 28 July, William's ships broke the siege and freed the inhabitants '89 - Winter, Disease struck and killed one-third of William's army '90 - 1 July, Battle of the Boyne. William wins crushing victory '91 - 12 July, Battle of Aughrim. Seven thousand men killed on both sides. William was the victor '91 - 3 October - Treaty of Limerick

Answer 9

The Irishmen who fought for James were gived 3 choices: 1. Join William's army 2. Return home 3. Continue fighting for James and be exiled Jacobite land owners could keep their land if they swore allegience to William and Mary. However, William did not exactly stick to oath - if the oath was not sworn within a set period of time, land was removed from Irish owners and given to an Englishman

Answer 10

- Persons of property could not enter into mixed religion marriages Catholics could neither teach their children nor send them abroad - Catholic property was inherited equally among the sons unless one was a Protestant, in which case he received it all - A Catholic could not inherit property if there was any Protestant heir - A Catholic could not possess arms or a horse worth more than £5 - Catholics could not hold leases for more than 31 years, and they could not make a profit greater than a third of their rent - The heirarchy of the Catholic Church was banished or suppressed - Catholics could not hold seats in the Irish Parliament (1692), hold public office (1727) or practice law - Cases against Catholics were tried without juries, and bounties were given to informers against them

Answer 11

1699 - The English woollen act - it became illegal for the Irish to export woollen cloth beyond the British Isles 1720 - The Declaratory Act - The British Parliament had the right to make laws fro Ireladn 1722-25 - The British Government gave the right to manufacture Irish halfpennies, to an English entrepeneur

Answer 12

The wealthy Protestant class that ruled Ireland under the English.

Answer 13

The Ascendancy saw Ireland as a sibling nation to England, whereas the English saw Ireland as more of a child. The Parent Impositions made it clear that the Irish had second-class status in England

Answer 14

1691 - William announces all clans must swear the oath of fealty by the 1st of January 1692 Chief of Glencoe Alasdair MacLain made it to Fort William just in time but was told to go to another location to swear the oath - made it a day late but was told he could still swear the oath and be safe 1692 February MacDonald Clan of Glencoe hosted soldiers for 14 days before being murdered. 38 murdered, 40 more died from exposure. William made an example of the MacDonald clan Scottish parliament blamed William, publishing proof that he had ordered the attack, forced him to open an investigation that did not lead to the arrest of any party.

Answer 15

1689 published by Parliament - stated that James had lost the throne through his actions and that no Catholic could ever come to the throne again. This upset the Jacobites.

Answer 16

Scotland July 1689 Jacobites rose up after the Claim of Right and won the battle, but a third of forces died and their leader was also lost

Answer 17

Scotland August 1689 Won by the Williamites due to the collapse of the rebellion through lack of leadership and troops.

Answer 18

Harvests failed, leading to severe famines - 1/5 - 1/3 of the population died or emigrated during this time, leading to less workers to fuel the economy. The ministers of Scotland were appointed by the English King, who didn't really care for Scottish growth, but more for what Scotland could do to fuel England's economy. English policies actively prevented the growth of the Scottish economy (Navigation Act - Scot ships could not be involved in any trade to England or the colonies / EIC, RAC granted monoply of trade in goods and enslaved people)

Answer 19

If the Scots could successfully tame the Isthmus of Darien, they had access to control of trade between North and South America, giving them access to many trade points.

Answer 20

Ships set sail in 1698, carrying 1200 people, having had £400,000 invested in it - nearly a quarter of the entirety of Scotland's cash wealth. Plan proposed by William Paterson.

Answer 21

Mistakes by settlers - Poor supplies, inappropriate farming skills, lack of fresh water, settlement in an area regarded as part of the Spanish empire, failed negotiations with local tribe. Conditions - Hot, humid, swampy, rapidly spreading disease that the settlers were not protected against. English interference - Opposition from King William and EIC, withdrawal of support from English directors.

Answer 22

1707 For: High positions available for Scots in English Parliament Greater protection from enemies Guaranteed protestant rule Free trade and improved economy Against: Loss of identity and independence Rule by foreigners Increased taxation

Answer 23

Protection of Scotland by Royal Navy Standing army kept in Northern Scotland - constant threat Highlanders not allowed to carry weapons

Answer 24

Trading improved Higher rates of tax Competition from more technologically advanced English makers Money from Darien Scheme returned with interest Smuggling became common

Answer 25

Destruction of Highlander way of life Regular protests about the union Enclosure (privitisation of common land) Education improves

Answer 26

George King of Britain New career opportunities for Scot politicians English appeal court overturning Scottish rulings - undermining Scot political power Entire country represented by Secretary of State of Scotland House of Lords dominated by Englishmen

Answer 27

1715 James Edward Francis Stuart (The Old Pretender) made a bid for power after the unconsulted coronation of George of Hanover Earl of Mar organised an uprising 10,000 infantry and cavalry against government's 4,000. Rebellion ended after an inconclusive battle at Sheriffmuir 1716 The Old Pretender and Mar leave Scotland

Answer 28

1640s and 50s Irish and Scottish political prisoners, Banished to the Americas Scottish rebels after the 1715 rebellion, banished to North America / the Caribbean Political enemies, men, women, and children from England, Scotland and particularly Ireland, 1718 Transportation Act (shipment of convited ciminals across the Atlantic), and removal of all groups the political system wanted gone. To Americas. All groups ended up field workers, soldiers, a few set free by sympathetic people. Worked on tobacco plantations, sold on arrival.

Answer 29

Work opportunities, skilled workers who had something to offer who were so poor and desperate they would sell themselves into slavery across the sea to have a chance at freedom. Sent to the Americas or the Caribbean. Temporary workers, who worked for 7-8 years before being freed (many did not survive this period because of conditions)

Answer 30

Emigrated to Ireland in hope of better weather and soil, due to the Treaty of Limerick - Scots settled on the land the Irish were forced to leave

Answer 31

All over the world, for trade opportunities, or jobs in the EIC, soldiers etc.

Answer 32

Increased quantities of imports from West Indies and Americas Increase in ideas of social darwinism - racism Triangular trade - very efficient money making, greatly increased British economy strength. Boats are never empty and are therefore always making money, workers are all enslaved, so don't have wages to be paid.

Answer 33

Pirates would capture ships, leading to a loss of slaves, trading goods and therefore profit - losing even one ship could damage profits by a large amount. Overall, pirates cost traders around £100,000 worth of goods (£14mil now)

Answer 34

1722 Act for the Suppression of Piracy - attack on pirates where many were captured and killed, and black pirates were forced into slavery

Answer 35

Given complete monopoly of triangular trade by the royal charter, created by Stuart royal family for their own gain. Because they had shares in the company, they directly profited

Answer 36

'Elephant and Castle' common name for pubs / train stations. Many countries in the commonweath asking for compensation

Answer 37

1713 signed towards the end of the War of Spanish Succession. Established Britain as the major slave-trading nation - granted them control of the Asiento (agreements to provide slaves to other countries). From this point on Britain dominated the Atlantic Trade

Answer 38

1620s - Barbados land starts being cleared for cultivation, Settlers clear land and experiment with crops on various islands. 1640s - Colonies switched from growing tobacco to growing sugar cane, which grew well in fertile, well watered soil. Richer landowners start buying land to create bigger plantations. 1690s - Trade in enslaved Africans opened up to private businesses. Tobacco plantations in Virginia and sugar plantations in Barbados were efficient, thriving businesses, setting an example for North American and Caribbean plantations

Answer 39

Europeans : Africans 1676-1700 - 67,000 : 9,800 1701-25 - 42,000 : 37,000 1726-50 - 108,800 : 96,800 Journey conditions: extreme physical violence and violation, claustrophobic conditions, disease ridden, many dying, not allowed any freedom or privacy. Treatment of indentured workers: Were more likely to have a positive outlook so could be worked harder as they believed there was a better life waiting for them after labour. Treated very poorly and many died of disease.

Answer 40

Societies controlled and governed by and for the planters, supported by military force and the law. This term was used to describe the Caribbean and North American colonies.

Answer 41

Coped better with climate, so lived longer. Agricultural skills had been developed in a similar climate. More resourceful - looked after themselves Faster at aquiring skills More productive Cheaper to clothe and maintain High numbers needed and supplied Skin colour made them easier to identify Could be sold on

Answer 42

High death rate Unable to work well in environment Agricultural skill from a completely different environment Could be unpredictable and dangerous, especially convicts Often ran away (as did the Africans, but they were easier to identify) Temporary As wages rose in England, indentured servants became more expensive

Answer 43

1600-88 (start) EIC given monopoly of English trade and begins to set up bases, Relationships with emperor break down, Anglo-Mughal war embarrasses EIC and makes British hated in India 88-1700 (shame) EIC loses English supporters and monopoly. Less profit generated as government made it illegal to bring in Asian silk or cotton for the sakes of local workers 02-30 (gain) EIC merges with newer company, continues as it had before and now also has military power. Uses death of emperor to gain power until they actually rule India

Answer 44

1688-mid1700s, small class of rich people accummulating vast amounts of wealth. 1694 government needed money for wars and economy growth - bank of England set up and credit system introduced. Government raised money by taxing people and giving companies a monopoly within the empire (credit system = loaning money that people have put in the bank and earning higher interest on it to be able to give the investers interest on their money). Companies agreed to higher taxes if they could have monopoly.

Answer 45

South Sea Company was a joint-stock company set up to trade with South America. 1713 given monopoly of slave-trade. Jan 1720, shares worth £128. To encourage investment, directors began to spread false rumors that the company was making huge profits, to drive up the share price. By May, shares were worht £550. June, Government introduced the Bubble Act - prevented the company from competition, made investors more confident, drove share prices up to £1050. July, people began to realise that the shares were overpriced and started to try to sell of their shares, sending the prices down rapidly, people who had bought shares at the height of the bubble lost huge sums of money and many were financially ruined.

Answer 46

Increase in jobs available, as more trade meant more products being manufactured, more dock jobs created, more suppliers needed etc. Everyday people benefitted. Coastal areas became trading hubs.

Answer 47

Liverpool, Bristol, London All have streets, banks and other locations named after the legacy of the slave trade, as that's where all the starting wealth came from. As coastal areas (or areas with good ports / natural ports), they could generate a lot of wealth by being trading hubs, where imports and exports were shipped off the various locations.

Answer 48

Coffee shops became the places where decisions were made in politics, where rich folk could go for a talk and also where not so pious activity happened (e.g. some coffee houses were places of sale of enslaved africans.) Coffee houses were soon so common, business areas could have one per street. They became more common as coffee became more popular with the wealthy. As well as political ideas, coffee houses were also places were New Enlightenment ideas of freedom of thought and ideas and human rights were disucced. Pamphlets and broadsheets were shared, as it was where the wealthy who could make a difference would gather.