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Criminal Justice > imp > Flashcards

imp Flashcards

1
Q

Criminal justice is described as a BLANK rather than a process

A

INTERDEPENDENT System rather than a PROCESS

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2
Q

Attrition

A

Concept of discretion in practice

ways cases are selected in and out of criminal justice system

Out of all offenses in one year in uk, 2% end up in formal court proceedings

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3
Q

Prosecution in England and Scotland

A

Crown Prosecution Service

Crown office and the procurator fiscal

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4
Q

What kind of Model of Prosecution are the US and UK

A

expediency - us and uk

-gives wide discretion and flexibility to prosecutor over decisions over most stages

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5
Q

Concept of public prosecution developed when in scotland

A

15th Century

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6
Q

Who said this about sentencing decisions and discretion

the decision comes first. In all but the hardest cases, the judges “know” what the right decision is, call this instinctive synthesis or whatever you like… if required to justify this decision, post facto arguments can be constructed

A

David Hutton

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7
Q

some limited evidence of inconsistency in scotland
BLANK of scotland said in a statement that although there is little evidence of it, there is“public perception of inconsistency in sentencing that is a danger to public confidence in the criminal justice system”

A

some limited evidence of inconsistency in scotland
sentencing commission of scotland said in a statement that although there is little evidence of it, there is“public perception of inconsistency in sentencing that is a danger to public confidence in the criminal justice system”

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8
Q

finland

A

finland has lowered its prison population and its crime rate has flattened

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9
Q

discretion in UK sentencing

A

sentencing guidelines with increasing levels of seriousness and culpability

offence specific guidelines and generic guidance

-more flexible than numeric guidelines
2 steps
1-starting points
2-aggravating and mitigating factors

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10
Q

highest court

A

The High Court of Justiciary

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11
Q

scotland’s public defender office

A

Public Defender Solicitor Office

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12
Q

The US implemented numeric style sentencing when

A

the mid 70s

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13
Q

During the 18th century, popular resistance to

A

public execution and torture

“civilizing of conduct” - Norbert Elias

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14
Q

A 19th century British philosopher, and social theorist. He is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.

Came up with a design for a prison he called the panopticon , maximize surveillance - thought surveillance would lead people to moderate their own behavior- like cctv

A

Jeremy Bentham

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15
Q

writer for prison as punishment

  1. Deprivation of liberty
    - Freedom of movement
    - Freedom of association
  2. Deprivation of goods and services - cigarettes, alcohol etc
  3. Deprivation of sexual relationships
  4. Deprivation of autonomy
  5. Deprivation of security
A

Sykes 1958

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16
Q

Criticisms of Community Punishment

A

–‘Sentence stacking’ and ‘up-tariffing’

  • “dispersal of discipline”
  • net widening
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17
Q

looked at sentencing for 3 types of offence

A

Dowds and Hedderman (1997)

18
Q

Worrall (1987)

A

Evidence of Double-deviance

Female offenders with domestic responsibilities treated more leniently

Young single women and women in positions of authority were not treated sympathetically

Crimes outside these categories of ‘women’ crimes’ were considered less acceptable (Worrall, 1987)

19
Q

by age of 30, BLANK% of men with major mental disorder had a criminal conviction compared to BLANK% with no mental disorder

A

by age of 30, 50% of men with major mental disorder had a criminal conviction compared to 32% with no mental disorder

20
Q

X% of male prisoners in the UK have mental health or drug problems (higher for women)

A

70% have mental health or drug problems

21
Q

stop and search power in uk

A

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994

22
Q

Per 1,000 of the population, Black persons were Stopped and Searched X times more than White people in 2010
and X times more in 2007

A

Per 1,000 of the population, Black persons were Stopped and Searched 7.0 times more than White people in 2010 compared to 6.0 times more in 2007

Ministry of Justice

23
Q

Per 1,000 population, Black persons were arrested X times more than White people

A

3.3

Per 1,000 population, Black persons were arrested 3.3 times more than White people

Ministry of Justice

24
Q

eastern state penitentiary

A

spokes 1829

25
Q

Forms of Restorative Justice

A

victim-offender mediation

family group conferencing

Restorative Conferencing

Community justice committees

Sentencing circles

26
Q

Looking glass self

A

A concept, created by Charles Cooley in 1902, stating that a person’s self grows out of their interactions with others in society. People shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them

Part of the wider concept of Symbolic Interactionism, a way of looking at how humans ascribe meaning to symbols and people by George Herbert Meade in the early 20th century

Labeling Theory

27
Q

George Herbert Meade

A

Symbolic Interactionism, a way of looking at how humans ascribe meaning to symbols and people

Looking glass self
Charles Cooley in 1902, stating that a person’s self grows out of their interactions with others in society. People shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them

28
Q

Brazil

A

275

29
Q

Russia and Rwanda

A

upper 400s

30
Q

Since its official beginning in 1982, the number of Americans incarcerated for
drug offenses each year has skyrocketed from

A

41,000 in 1980 to half a million in 2011

31
Q

chances a white male will go to prison in their lifetime

A

1 in 17

32
Q

Contributing factors to African American Incarceration

A

“Get tough on crime” and “war on drugs” policies

Mandatory minimum sentencing, especially disparities in sentencing for crack and powder cocaine possession

33
Q

While people of color make up about X percent of the United States’ population, they account for X percent of those imprisoned.

A

While people of color make up about 30 percent of the United States’ population, they account for 60 percent of those imprisoned.

34
Q

The prison population grew by X percent from 1970 to 2005, a rate that is outpacing crime and population rates

A

The prison population grew by 700 percent from 1970 to 2005, a rate that is outpacing crime and population rates

35
Q

4, 6, 8 Amendments

A

4 - prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.

6 - guarantees right to counsel

8 - Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted

36
Q

Americas from the

A

1610s to the 1770s and in Australia between 1788 and 1868

37
Q

Norway and Sweden’s incarceration rate

A

mid 70s

38
Q

incarceration rate for UK

A

153

39
Q

name of this book

A

understanding victims and restorative justice

James Dignan - Sheffield

40
Q

Ideal Victim

A

Christie’s Ideal Victim

41
Q

X percent of recorded crime is brought to the attention of the police by
victims or those acting on behalf of victims

A

90%

Criminal Justice (4 decks)

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