Immunotoxicity

Question 1

specific immune cells for the following: 
lymph and peripheral tissue
liver
lungs
KDs
brain

Answer 1

lymph and peripheral tissue: MOs
liver: Kupfer cells
lungs: alveolar MOs
KDs: mesnagial MOs
brain: glial cells

Question 2

what do activated T helpers do?

Answer 2

lead to proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells, activation of monocytes, activation of NKCs, production of more ILs and other cytokines/lymphokines

Question 3

products and effects of TH1 cells?

Answer 3

synthesize IL-2, INF-gamma and TNF-b
activate MOs
responsible for cell-mediated immunity and phagocyte protective responses

Question 4

products and effects of TH2 cells?

Answer 4

secrete IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13

responsible for strong Ab production, eosinophil activation, inhibition of several MO fxns

Question 5

when we see TH1 cells vs TH2 cells?

Answer 5

TH1: intracellular bacterial infxn and some viral infxns
TH2: infestations by GI nematodes

Question 6

TH1 or TH2? proinflammatory and perpetuates AI responses

Answer 6

TH1

Question 7

TH1 or TH2? associated w/eosinophilic responses in atopy

This response is dominant in PG

Answer 7

TH2

necessary to have TH2 dominant response in PG so as to dampen TH1 response so the baby doesn’t get rejected

Question 8

recurrent or chronic infxns that could indicate a T cell deficiency?

Answer 8

protozoan parasites
fungi (candida)
viruses (EBV, CMV VZV, herpes)
bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria)

Question 9

infxns would could indicate a B cell deficiency?

Answer 9

acute infxns w/pyogenic bac (recurrent pneumonia, meningitis, abscesses)
chronic infxns, 2ndary to decreased phagocytosis of PMNs, eosinophils, basophils, such as osteomyelitis, klebsiella

Question 10

2 ways toxins cause immune deficits?

Answer 10

hypersensitivity rxns (allergies)
autoimmunity

Question 11

possible effects of dioxin exposure?

Answer 11

decreased mitogen response
reduced thymic and splenic weight
increased immunotoxicity when dosed perinatally

Question 12

PCB effects?

Answer 12

those who are already prone to allergic responses may experience more with exposure to PCBs

Question 13

effects of PAHs on immune system?

Answer 13

decreased T cell dependent ab response 
decreased splenic activity
diminished T cell induction
suppressed T cytotoxic activation
reduced NK activity
thymus atrophy and thymocyte apoptosis

Question 14

the VOC, styrene, is specifically associated with what?

Answer 14

diminished T-cell mitogen response

Question 15

how can mercury affect the immune system?

Answer 15

increase apoptosis of monocytes and lymphocytes
reduction in phagocytic ability of monocytes
reduction in production of IL-1 and TNF-alpha
increases autoimmunity
diminishes capacity to kill candida

Question 16

immune effects of lead?

Answer 16

impaired ability to kill candida albicans

may lead to myeloperoxidase deficiency

Question 17

immune effects of cadmium?

Answer 17

immunosuppression and immunotoxicity

increased programmed cell death

Question 18

what cell surface receptor is suppressed with organophosphate exposure?

Answer 18

HLA-DR

Question 19

which toxin has an increased link between immune diseases and CA?

Answer 19

formaldehyde

Question 20

what is an endocrine disruptor?

Answer 20

chemical that interferes w/body’s endocrine system and can produce adverse responses

Question 21

what is an xenoestrogen?

Answer 21

type of endocrine disruptor that imitates estrogen, can be natural or synthetic origin

Question 22

two forms of xenoestrogens?

Answer 22

phytoestogens (genistein and daidzein; coumestans; lignans)
estrogenic compounds (chlorinated pesticides, bisphenol A)

Question 23

where do you find PCBs?

Answer 23

used as coolants or heat transfer agents in electrical transformers
microscope immersion oils
carbonless copy paper
pesticide inert ingredient
ocean and fresh water fish
butter
breast milk possibly

Question 24

what can lead to early menopause?

Answer 24

cigarette smoking

Question 25

effect of organophosphate and carbamates on reproduction?

Answer 25

detrimentally affect sperm chromatin

caused increase in FSH and LH

Question 26

how can particulate matter affect fertility?

Answer 26

statistically significant reduction in female fertility with an increase in traffic related air pollution in humans

Question 27

PCBs have been demonstrated to bind to what?

Answer 27

tranthyretin (transport protein for thyroxine)

Question 28

dirty dozen of endocrine disruption?

Answer 28

BPA
dioxin
atrazine
phthalates
perchlorates
fire retardants
lead
arsenic
mercury
perfluorinated chemicals
organophosphate pesticides 
glycol ethers