Immunotoxicity Flashcards
specific immune cells for the following: lymph and peripheral tissue liver lungs KDs brain
lymph and peripheral tissue: MOs liver: Kupfer cells lungs: alveolar MOs KDs: mesnagial MOs brain: glial cells
what do activated T helpers do?
lead to proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells, activation of monocytes, activation of NKCs, production of more ILs and other cytokines/lymphokines
products and effects of TH1 cells?
synthesize IL-2, INF-gamma and TNF-b
activate MOs
responsible for cell-mediated immunity and phagocyte protective responses
products and effects of TH2 cells?
secrete IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13
responsible for strong Ab production, eosinophil activation, inhibition of several MO fxns
when we see TH1 cells vs TH2 cells?
TH1: intracellular bacterial infxn and some viral infxns
TH2: infestations by GI nematodes
TH1 or TH2? proinflammatory and perpetuates AI responses
TH1
TH1 or TH2? associated w/eosinophilic responses in atopy
This response is dominant in PG
TH2
necessary to have TH2 dominant response in PG so as to dampen TH1 response so the baby doesn’t get rejected
recurrent or chronic infxns that could indicate a T cell deficiency?
protozoan parasites
fungi (candida)
viruses (EBV, CMV VZV, herpes)
bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria)
infxns would could indicate a B cell deficiency?
acute infxns w/pyogenic bac (recurrent pneumonia, meningitis, abscesses)
chronic infxns, 2ndary to decreased phagocytosis of PMNs, eosinophils, basophils, such as osteomyelitis, klebsiella
2 ways toxins cause immune deficits?
hypersensitivity rxns (allergies) autoimmunity
possible effects of dioxin exposure?
decreased mitogen response
reduced thymic and splenic weight
increased immunotoxicity when dosed perinatally
PCB effects?
those who are already prone to allergic responses may experience more with exposure to PCBs
effects of PAHs on immune system?
decreased T cell dependent ab response decreased splenic activity diminished T cell induction suppressed T cytotoxic activation reduced NK activity thymus atrophy and thymocyte apoptosis
the VOC, styrene, is specifically associated with what?
diminished T-cell mitogen response
how can mercury affect the immune system?
increase apoptosis of monocytes and lymphocytes
reduction in phagocytic ability of monocytes
reduction in production of IL-1 and TNF-alpha
increases autoimmunity
diminishes capacity to kill candida
immune effects of lead?
impaired ability to kill candida albicans
may lead to myeloperoxidase deficiency
immune effects of cadmium?
immunosuppression and immunotoxicity
increased programmed cell death
what cell surface receptor is suppressed with organophosphate exposure?
HLA-DR
which toxin has an increased link between immune diseases and CA?
formaldehyde
what is an endocrine disruptor?
chemical that interferes w/body’s endocrine system and can produce adverse responses
what is an xenoestrogen?
type of endocrine disruptor that imitates estrogen, can be natural or synthetic origin
two forms of xenoestrogens?
phytoestogens (genistein and daidzein; coumestans; lignans) estrogenic compounds (chlorinated pesticides, bisphenol A)
where do you find PCBs?
used as coolants or heat transfer agents in electrical transformers microscope immersion oils carbonless copy paper pesticide inert ingredient ocean and fresh water fish butter breast milk possibly
what can lead to early menopause?
cigarette smoking
effect of organophosphate and carbamates on reproduction?
detrimentally affect sperm chromatin
caused increase in FSH and LH
how can particulate matter affect fertility?
statistically significant reduction in female fertility with an increase in traffic related air pollution in humans
PCBs have been demonstrated to bind to what?
tranthyretin (transport protein for thyroxine)
dirty dozen of endocrine disruption?
BPA dioxin atrazine phthalates perchlorates fire retardants lead arsenic mercury perfluorinated chemicals organophosphate pesticides glycol ethers
