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immunoprophylaxis practical Flashcards

1
Q

immunity definiton

A

capability of multicellular organisms to resist harmful micro-organisms
the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitised WBC

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2
Q

immunoprophylaxis

A

the prevention of disease by the production of active or passive immunity

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3
Q

active immunity

A

exposure to a disease triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease
natural immunity
vaccine induced immunity

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4
Q

passive immunity

A

given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through their own immune system
through placenta
colostrum
immunoglobulins

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5
Q

active acquired immunity

A

vaccination

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6
Q

vaccination

A

administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection from a specific disease

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7
Q

vaccine

A

a biological suspension that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease

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8
Q

vaccine can contain

A

a microorganism in a weakened, live or killed state or proteins or toxins from the organism

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9
Q

how long til active immunity takes effect

A

several weeks

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10
Q

how long til passive immunity takes effect

A

immediately

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11
Q

length of efficacy of active immunity

A

long term- lifelong

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12
Q

length of efficacy of passive immunity

A

short-term

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13
Q

types of ‘infectious’ vaccines

A

attenuated
modified live
recombinant vector vaccine

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14
Q

advantages of attenuated vaccines

A

one or few doses required
long lasting protection
humoral and cellular response
can be directly administered to mucosal sites
rare allergic reaction

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15
Q

disadvantages of attenuated vaccines

A

controlled attenuation required
poorly defined composition
risk of reversion to pathogenicity
certain risk of transmission

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16
Q

advantages of modified live vaccines

A

controlled attenuation

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17
Q

disadvantages of modified live vaccines

A

genetic modification of all pathogens not possible

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18
Q

advantages of recombinant vector vaccine

A

is not relevant to or pathogenic in dog or cat
can carry genetic material from more than one pathogen

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19
Q

disadvantages of recombinant vectored vaccine

A

possibility of immunopathological response
risk of transmission
cost of production

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20
Q

types of ‘non-infectious’ vaccines

A
  • inactivated but antigenetically intact virus or organism
  • sub-unit - natural antigen derived from that virus or organism (proteins, polysaccharide, conjugate)
  • synthetic antigen derived from that virus or organism
  • DNA that can code an antigen
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21
Q

advantages of inactivated but intact virus/organism vaccine

A

can be used on weakened immune system
long term protection
large scale production

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22
Q

disadvantages of inactivated but intact virus/organism

A

need several doses over time (boosters) in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases
shorter immunity
less likely to induce both cell-mediated and humoral immunity
generally require adjuvant to increase potency

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23
Q

advantages of sub unit vaccines

A

unable to infect, replicate or induce pathology or clinical signs of infectious disease
rare allergic reaction

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24
Q

disadvantages of sub unit vaccines

A

reduced immunogenicity compared to attenuated vaccines
generally require adjuvant to increase their potency

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25
advantages of synthetic antigen vaccines
unable to infect, replicate or induce pathology or clinical signs of infectious disease rare allergic reaction
26
disadvantages of synthetic antigen vaccines
reduced immunogenicity compared to attenuated vaccines generally require an adjuvant to increase their potency
27
advantages of DNA vaccines
induce cell mediated immunity molecular stability low cost production
28
disadvantages of DNA vaccines
possible immune reaction to nucleic acid insertion of a foreign genetic material
29
aim of vaccination
to ensure immunity of the population, not an individual animal and to prevent the outburst an spreading of infectious diseases herd immunity
30
what are core vaccines (definition)
vaccines which all dogs and cats, regardless of circumstances or geographical location
31
core vaccines for dogs
canine distemper virus CDV canine adenovirus CAV canine parvovirus CPV2 rabies
32
core vaccines for cats
feline parvovirus FPV feline calicivirus FCV feline herpes virus FHV1 rabies
33
non core vaccines (definition)
vaccines that are required by only those animals whose geographical location, local environment or lifestyle places them at risk of contracting specific infections
34
non core vaccines dogs
leptospirosis Lyme disease parainfluenza Bordetella bronchiseptica
35
non core vaccines for cats
feline leukemia virus FeLV chlamydia felis bordetella bronchiseptica
36
not recommended vaccines definition
vaccines where there is insufficient scientific evidence to justify their use
37
not recommend vaccines examples
canine coronavirus giardia leishmaniasis piroplasmosis FIV - non-core or not recommended? FIP
38
what does vaccination protocol depend on
health status immunisation status of bitch (vaccination protocol for offspring) age geographical location/local environment/lifestyle availability of vaccines
39
maternally derived antibodies - puppies
maternally derived antibodies (MDA) last 8-12 weeks puppies with poor MDA can respond to vaccines earlier some puppies have such a high titre of MDA they can't respond to vaccine until over 12 weeks old
40
puppy vaccination protocol
initial core vaccine 6-8 weeks old then q2-4 weeks last vaccine at 16 weeks old or more number fro puppy primary core vaccines will depend on age at which vaccination is started and the interval between vaccinations
41
booster vaccines
aim = to ensure that a protective immune response develops in any dog that may have failed to respond to any of the vaccines in the primary core series at 26-52 weeks of age (6-12 months old)
42
revaccination of adult dogs
after the booster, revaccination are given at intervals of 3 years (vaccination with MLV core vaccines) with an annual health check every 3 year revaccination DOESN'T apply to killed core vaccines (except rabies), non-core vaccines and vaccines containing bacterial antigens lepto, Bordetella and borrelia need more frequent boosters for reliable protection
43
frequency of revaccination in adult dogs
core vaccines every 3 years chosen non-core every year
44
why might vaccine not work
MDA neutralises the vaccine virus vaccine is poorly immunogenic animal is a poor responder
45
rabies vaccination
mandated by law first vaccine at 3 months old in croatia - revaccination every 3 years (or as vaccine license says)
46
vaccinations in shelters
core vaccines as early as 4-6 weeks old revaccination q 2 weeks until 20 week old serological testing recommend
47
why is shelter medicine different
random source population high population density high risk of infectious diseases
48
how long to MDA last in kittens
8-12 weeks
49
kitten vaccination protocol
initial core at 6-8 weeks old then q 2-4 weeks last vaccination at 16 weeks old or more number of kitten primary core vaccinations determined by age at which vaccination is started and selected interval between vaccination
50
FCV vaccine
designed to produced cross protective immunity against multiply strains of FCV still possible for infection and disease to occur in vaccinated adult animals
51
FHV1 vaccine
no FHV1 vaccine can protect against infection with virulent virus and infection may lead to virulent virus becoming latent its the possibility of reactivation during periods of severe stress
52
kitten booster
26-52 weeks old (6-12 months)
53
revaccination of adult cats
FPV vaccine q 3 years FCV/FHV1 vaccine - q 3years for low risk cats or every year for higher risk cats
54
FeLV vaccine
non-core - but in geographical areas where FeLV infection remains prevalent any cat less than 1 year old with an element of outdoor lifestyle should receive protection by routine vaccination 2 doses 2-4 weeks apart, no earlier than 8 weeks old risk benefit analysis only FeLV negative cats should be vaccinated
55
FIV vaccine not recommended?
- questions over cross protection between sub types of virus included in the vaccine and the subtypes and recombinants in the field and in different geographical locations - interference of vaccine with antibody testing used for diagnosis of FIV infection - adjusted vaccine the must be given repeatedly
56
FIV vaccine non core?
- large prevalence of seropositive and/or infection in some parts of the world - disease progression in FIV infected cats has been shown to be impacted by housing conditions and number of cats in the household
57
vaccine associate adverse events
injury, toxicity or hypersensitivity reaction associated with vaccination, whether or not the event can be directly attributed to the vaccine should be reported whether association with vaccination is known or only suspected allergic reactions - hypersensitivity 1 post vaccine encephalitis polyarthritis pregnancy?
58
Feline injection site sarcoma
= localised chronic inflammation reaction initiates malignant transformation of mesenchymal cells and that this process has some genetic basis
59
how to prevent FISS
non-adjuvanted vaccines should be given whenever possible vaccines or other injectables should not be given in interscapular region always give subcutaneously vaccine should be given at different sites on each occasion
60
CPV vaccine
usually MLV don't give to pregnant bitches or pups under 4-6 weeks If no MDA, MLV provide immunity in 3 days DOI of MLV is 9 years +
61
CAV-2 vaccine
usually MLV intranasal = for resp infection not CAV-1 if no MDA, MLV provide immunity in 5 days DOI is 9 years +

Infectious Colloquium (17 decks)

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