immunoprophylaxis practical Flashcards
immunity definiton
capability of multicellular organisms to resist harmful micro-organisms
the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitised WBC
immunoprophylaxis
the prevention of disease by the production of active or passive immunity
active immunity
exposure to a disease triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease
natural immunity
vaccine induced immunity
passive immunity
given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through their own immune system
through placenta
colostrum
immunoglobulins
active acquired immunity
vaccination
vaccination
administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection from a specific disease
vaccine
a biological suspension that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease
vaccine can contain
a microorganism in a weakened, live or killed state or proteins or toxins from the organism
how long til active immunity takes effect
several weeks
how long til passive immunity takes effect
immediately
length of efficacy of active immunity
long term- lifelong
length of efficacy of passive immunity
short-term
types of ‘infectious’ vaccines
attenuated
modified live
recombinant vector vaccine
advantages of attenuated vaccines
one or few doses required
long lasting protection
humoral and cellular response
can be directly administered to mucosal sites
rare allergic reaction
disadvantages of attenuated vaccines
controlled attenuation required
poorly defined composition
risk of reversion to pathogenicity
certain risk of transmission
advantages of modified live vaccines
controlled attenuation
disadvantages of modified live vaccines
genetic modification of all pathogens not possible
advantages of recombinant vector vaccine
is not relevant to or pathogenic in dog or cat
can carry genetic material from more than one pathogen
disadvantages of recombinant vectored vaccine
possibility of immunopathological response
risk of transmission
cost of production
types of ‘non-infectious’ vaccines
- inactivated but antigenetically intact virus or organism
- sub-unit - natural antigen derived from that virus or organism (proteins, polysaccharide, conjugate)
- synthetic antigen derived from that virus or organism
- DNA that can code an antigen
advantages of inactivated but intact virus/organism vaccine
can be used on weakened immune system
long term protection
large scale production
disadvantages of inactivated but intact virus/organism
need several doses over time (boosters) in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases
shorter immunity
less likely to induce both cell-mediated and humoral immunity
generally require adjuvant to increase potency
advantages of sub unit vaccines
unable to infect, replicate or induce pathology or clinical signs of infectious disease
rare allergic reaction
disadvantages of sub unit vaccines
reduced immunogenicity compared to attenuated vaccines
generally require adjuvant to increase their potency
advantages of synthetic antigen vaccines
unable to infect, replicate or induce pathology or clinical signs of infectious disease
rare allergic reaction
disadvantages of synthetic antigen vaccines
reduced immunogenicity compared to attenuated vaccines
generally require an adjuvant to increase their potency
advantages of DNA vaccines
induce cell mediated immunity
molecular stability
low cost production
disadvantages of DNA vaccines
possible immune reaction to nucleic acid
insertion of a foreign genetic material
aim of vaccination
to ensure immunity of the population, not an individual animal and to prevent the outburst an spreading of infectious diseases
herd immunity
what are core vaccines (definition)
vaccines which all dogs and cats, regardless of circumstances or geographical location
core vaccines for dogs
canine distemper virus CDV
canine adenovirus CAV
canine parvovirus CPV2
rabies
core vaccines for cats
feline parvovirus FPV
feline calicivirus FCV
feline herpes virus FHV1
rabies
non core vaccines (definition)
vaccines that are required by only those animals whose geographical location, local environment or lifestyle places them at risk of contracting specific infections
non core vaccines dogs
leptospirosis
Lyme disease
parainfluenza
Bordetella bronchiseptica
non core vaccines for cats
feline leukemia virus FeLV
chlamydia felis
bordetella bronchiseptica
not recommended vaccines definition
vaccines where there is insufficient scientific evidence to justify their use
not recommend vaccines examples
canine coronavirus
giardia
leishmaniasis
piroplasmosis
FIV - non-core or not recommended?
FIP
what does vaccination protocol depend on
health status
immunisation status of bitch (vaccination protocol for offspring)
age
geographical location/local environment/lifestyle
availability of vaccines
maternally derived antibodies - puppies
maternally derived antibodies (MDA) last 8-12 weeks
puppies with poor MDA can respond to vaccines earlier
some puppies have such a high titre of MDA they can’t respond to vaccine until over 12 weeks old
puppy vaccination protocol
initial core vaccine 6-8 weeks old
then q2-4 weeks
last vaccine at 16 weeks old or more
number fro puppy primary core vaccines will depend on age at which vaccination is started and the interval between vaccinations
booster vaccines
aim = to ensure that a protective immune response develops in any dog that may have failed to respond to any of the vaccines in the primary core series
at 26-52 weeks of age (6-12 months old)
revaccination of adult dogs
after the booster, revaccination are given at intervals of 3 years (vaccination with MLV core vaccines)
with an annual health check
every 3 year revaccination DOESN’T apply to killed core vaccines (except rabies), non-core vaccines and vaccines containing bacterial antigens
lepto, Bordetella and borrelia need more frequent boosters for reliable protection
frequency of revaccination in adult dogs
core vaccines every 3 years
chosen non-core every year
why might vaccine not work
MDA neutralises the vaccine virus
vaccine is poorly immunogenic
animal is a poor responder
rabies vaccination
mandated by law
first vaccine at 3 months old
in croatia - revaccination every 3 years (or as vaccine license says)
vaccinations in shelters
core vaccines as early as 4-6 weeks old
revaccination q 2 weeks until 20 week old
serological testing recommend
why is shelter medicine different
random source population
high population density
high risk of infectious diseases
how long to MDA last in kittens
8-12 weeks
kitten vaccination protocol
initial core at 6-8 weeks old
then q 2-4 weeks
last vaccination at 16 weeks old or more
number of kitten primary core vaccinations determined by age at which vaccination is started and selected interval between vaccination
FCV vaccine
designed to produced cross protective immunity against multiply strains of FCV
still possible for infection and disease to occur in vaccinated adult animals
FHV1 vaccine
no FHV1 vaccine can protect against infection with virulent virus and infection may lead to virulent virus becoming latent its the possibility of reactivation during periods of severe stress
kitten booster
26-52 weeks old (6-12 months)
revaccination of adult cats
FPV vaccine q 3 years
FCV/FHV1 vaccine - q 3years for low risk cats or every year for higher risk cats
FeLV vaccine
non-core - but in geographical areas where FeLV infection remains prevalent
any cat less than 1 year old with an element of outdoor lifestyle should receive protection by routine vaccination
2 doses 2-4 weeks apart, no earlier than 8 weeks old
risk benefit analysis
only FeLV negative cats should be vaccinated
FIV vaccine not recommended?
- questions over cross protection between sub types of virus included in the vaccine and the subtypes and recombinants in the field and in different geographical locations
- interference of vaccine with antibody testing used for diagnosis of FIV infection
- adjusted vaccine the must be given repeatedly
FIV vaccine non core?
- large prevalence of seropositive and/or infection in some parts of the world
- disease progression in FIV infected cats has been shown to be impacted by housing conditions and number of cats in the household
vaccine associate adverse events
injury, toxicity or hypersensitivity reaction associated with vaccination, whether or not the event can be directly attributed to the vaccine
should be reported whether association with vaccination is known or only suspected
allergic reactions - hypersensitivity 1
post vaccine encephalitis
polyarthritis
pregnancy?
Feline injection site sarcoma
= localised chronic inflammation reaction initiates malignant transformation of mesenchymal cells and that this process has some genetic basis
how to prevent FISS
non-adjuvanted vaccines should be given whenever possible
vaccines or other injectables should not be given in interscapular region
always give subcutaneously
vaccine should be given at different sites on each occasion
CPV vaccine
usually MLV
don’t give to pregnant bitches or pups under 4-6 weeks
If no MDA, MLV provide immunity in 3 days
DOI of MLV is 9 years +
CAV-2 vaccine
usually MLV
intranasal = for resp infection not CAV-1
if no MDA, MLV provide immunity in 5 days
DOI is 9 years +
