Immunopathologyy

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

already present in the body

immediate response

Question 2

adaptive immunity

Answer 2

3rd line of defense

allows innate immunity to work first & comes in if needed

Question 3

Active Natural immunity

Answer 3

natural contact and infection with antigen

usually permanent but maybe temporary

Question 4

Active Artificial Immunity

Answer 4

antigen vaccinated

usually permanent but may be temporary

Question 5

Passive Natural Immunity

Answer 5

natural contact w/ antibody transplacentally (mother to fetus OR through breast milk)

temporary

Question 6

Passive Artificial Immunity

Answer 6

inoculation of antibody or antitoxin - immune serum globulin

temporary

Question 7

where is T-cell (cell-mediated) from and located when it matures

Answer 7

from thymus

at maturity reside in blood and lymphatics

Question 8

Function of T-cells

Answer 8

recognize specific antigens - cause inflammatory and cytotoxic response

Question 9

Where are B cells (humuroral immunity) from?

Answer 9

bone marrow

Question 10

Function of B-cells

Answer 10

in resting state / awaiting activation

activation leads to proliferation (w/ help of macrophages & T-cells)

Question 11

What antibodies do B-cells release

Answer 11

IgG
IgA
IgE
IgM

Question 12

Type 1 hypersensitivity antibody

Answer 12

IgE

Question 13

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Answer 13

histamine releases w/ other inflammatory mediators (progesterone) to enhance & lengthen the histamine rlease

Question 14

what happens with widespread release of histamine (if this response becomes systemic)

Answer 14

• vasodilation
• bronchospasm
• increased mucus secretion
• anaphylaxis (edema)

Question 15

Clinical Presentation of Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Answer 15

skin = hives

upper respiratory tract = sneezing & conjunctivitis

Question 16

Anaphylactic syndrome

Answer 16

bronchial constriction

circulatory collapse

Question 17

Type II Hypersensitivity antibodies

Answer 17

IgG & IgM cytotoxic antibodies

Question 18

Type II Hypersensitivity function

Answer 18

attack cell surfaces and connective tissue

Question 19

Types of Type II Hypersensitivity

Answer 19

Myasthenia Gravis (Ach receptors destroyed)

Grave’s Disease (TSH receptor competition)

Question 20

Type III Hypersensitivity antibodies

Answer 20

IgM, IgG, & IGA

Question 21

Type III Hypersensitivity Function

Answer 21

When circulating immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) successfully deposit into tissue and small blood vessels, they activate the complement cascade and cause acute inflammation and local tissue injury

Question 22

Types of Type III Hypersensitivity

Answer 22

SLE - body attacking skin, joints, kidneys - inflammatory

RA - body attacks joints & organs

Vasculitis - inflammation of blood vessels

Question 23

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Answer 23

not an antibody-mediated response

handled by macrophages and T-cells

tissue response to subcutaneous injection w/in 24-48 hrs.

delayed-type

Question 24

Types of Type IV Hypersensitivity

Answer 24

TB Skin test

Question 25

hyperacute rejection

Answer 25

- occurs within minutes to hours - fever &pain at graft site - vascular congestion, thrombosis, interstitial edema

Question 26

Acute rejection

Answer 26

- first few weeks or months - fever and graft tenderness - interstitial edema, necrosis, thrombosis, arteritis

Question 27

Chronic Rejection

Answer 27

- several months to year later - arterial and arteriolar thickening that leads to stenosis/obstruction - interstitial fibrosis

Question 28

Graft vs. Host Rejection

Answer 28

bone marrow transplant -- immunocompetent lymphocytes in graft reject the host

Question 29

Clinical presentation of Graft vs. Host Rejection

Answer 29

- Skin rash - Diarrhea - Anemia - Cramps - Liver dysfunction

Question 30

Autograft

Answer 30

transplant of skin graft to leg or hand bone marrow for later use

Question 31

isograft

Answer 31

transplant b/w twins

Question 32

allograft (homograft)

Answer 32

transplant human to human

Question 33

Xenograft(Heterograft)

Answer 33

transplant from pig to human

Question 34

Acquired Immunodeficiencies

Answer 34

follow & result from an earlier disease or event

Question 35

Acquired Immunodeficiencies occur in

Answer 35

- Infections - Malnutrition - Autoimmune disease - Cancer - Immunosuppressive Agents

Question 36

Autoimmunity

Answer 36

- immune response agent self-antigens | - immune system can't differentiate between self and non-self agents

Question 37

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Answer 37

Chronic, immune, multi-system inflammatory disease where antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissue

Question 38

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) effects which organs?

Answer 38

Kidneys Joints Serous membranes Skin

Question 39

Scleroderma (systemic Sclerosis)

Answer 39

- Disease of connective tissue | - Excessive collagen deposition in skin

Question 40

Clinical Features of Scleroderma (systemic Sclerosis)

Answer 40

- Edema of digits and hands - Tightening of skin, polyarthralgia - Stone faces - DOE – respiratory failure / pulmonary HTN - Dysphagia/ hypomotility

Question 41

CREST SYNDROME | Complications of Limited Sclerosis

Answer 41

``` C = calcinosis R = Raynaud's phenomenon E = esophageal dysmotility S = skin pigmentation T = Telangiectasis ```