Immunopathology, Neoplasia, and Chromosome Abnormalities

Question 1

Hypersensitivity Reaction types (4)

Answer 1

• Type I (allergy): immediate or anaphylactic; brochial asthma, hay fever, eczema and anaphylactic shock.
• Type II (citotoxic): results in antibody production; intrinsic (autoimmune diseases), extrinsic (hemolytic disease of the newborn), extrinsic (blood transfusion incompatibility). Ex.: diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, myasthenia…
• Type III (Immune complex): glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Type IV (delayed response or cell mediated): perfume sensitivity, latex sensitivity…

Question 2

PT intervention in Bronchial Asthma

Answer 2

• Breathing exercises.
• Techniques for improving breathing patterns.
• Teaching self-monitoring of airway health (peak flow meter).
• Effective deep-breathing exercises.
• Relaxation exercises (can reduce panic associated with acute episode).
• Instruction in the use of warm-up and cool-down before/after exercise (decreases the onset of exercise-induced asthma).

Question 3

PT intervention in Neoplasia

Answer 3

NOT directly related to neoplasia

• Mobility.
• Strengthening.
• Endurance exercises.
• Aerobic exercises.
• Etc.

Question 4

PT Intervention in Down syndrome

Answer 4

• Hypotonia or flaccidity.
• DDH (Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip).
• Teach family techniques to stimulate neuro and motor development.

Question 5

Cerebral Palsy (CP) definition

Answer 5

Any injury of the central nervous system caused by congenital abnormalities, prenatal trauma, or postnatal trauma.

Question 6

PT Intervention in CP (Cerebral Palsy)

Answer 6

Will depend on the type: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, ataxia (uncontrolled movement)

• Orthotic devices (in hypertonicity cases).
• Exercises to improve function and increase strength.
• Passive and active stretching.
• Ambulation training.
• Teaching HEP, seating positions and patient handling to care providers.

Question 7

Erb’s Palsy definition

Answer 7

Paralysis of the upper limb resulting from a traction injury to the brachial plexus during birth.

Question 8

PT Intervention in Erb’s Palsy

Answer 8

• Soft Tissue techniques.
• Electrical Stimulation (ES)
• Aquatherapy.
• Splinting for functional positioning.
• Exercises.
• Teaching passive, active, and active-assisted ROM to the family.

Question 9

PT Intervention in Scoliosis

Answer 9

• Postural awareness and appropriate exercises (functional scoliosis).
• Ensuring adequate function of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (structural scoliosis).

Question 10

Spina Bifida definition

Answer 10

Spinal column fails to close during the first month of pregnancy and results in various degrees of malformation of part of the spine.

Question 11

PT Intervention in Spina Bifida

Answer 11

• Seat management

* Teaching the family how to assist the infant with appropriate exercises and perform PROM to joints.

Question 12

Muscular Dystrophy definition

Answer 12

Severe, progressive muscle atrophy starting in the lower limbs and progressing to the trunk and upper limbs.

Question 13

PT Intervention in Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 13

• Breathing exercises.
• Balance and strengthening exercises.
• Wheelchair and seating prescription.
• Teaching care providers lifting and transfer techniques.
• Aquatherapy.