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Colin MOD 2 > Immunopathology > Flashcards

Immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Pathways for activation of the Complement System?

A

Alternative Pathway

Lectin Pathway

Classical Pathway

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2
Q

Which of the 3 pathways for activation of the complement system are a result of the innate immune response?

A

Lectin Pathway

Alternative Pathway

These pathways are initiated in response to the presence of microbes

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3
Q

Which of the 3 pathways for activation of the complement system are a result of Adaptive Immunity?

A

The Classical Pathway

This pathway is initiated in response to the presence of antibodies

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4
Q

What are TLRs?

A

Toll-Like Receptors

Pattern recognition receptor, detects microbes and cellular debris

Located on the Cell Membrane and Endosomal Vesicles of immune cells

They activate 2 Transcription Factors

  • NF-(kappa)B: stimulates synthesis and secretion of cytokines as well as expression of adhesion molecules (both are critical for recruitment and activation of Leukocytes
  • Interferon regulatory Factors (IRFs): stimulate production of Antiviral Cytokines (Type-1 Interferons)
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5
Q

What are NLRs?

A

NOD-like Receptors

Pattern recognition receptor, detects a wide variety of substances including:

  • Products of necrotic cells (uric acid and ATP)
  • Ion disturbances (loss of K+)
  • Some microbial products

Located in the cytoplasm

Activation of NLRs causes formation of Inflammasome

Inflammasome activates Caspase-1

Caspase-1 cleaves inactive form of the cytokine Interleukin-1, into its active form

IL-1 is a mediator of inflammation that recruits leukocytes and induces fever

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6
Q

What are CLRs?

A

C-Type Lectin Receptors

Expressed on the plasma membranes of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

Detect FUNGAL glycans and elicit inflammatory reactions of fungi

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7
Q

What are some important products of the complement system?

A

C3a

C3b

C5a

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

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8
Q

What is C3a?

A

Product of the Complement System

C3a, with C5a, causes inflammation by promoting recruitment and activation of leukocytes

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9
Q

What is C5a?

A

Product of the complement system

C5a, with C3a, causes inflammation by promoting the recruitment and activation of leukocytes

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10
Q

What is C3b?

A

C3b is a product of the complement system

C3b is deposited on the surface of microbes

Acts as a recognition particle, marks microbes for recognition by Phagocytes

Promoted phagocytosis of microbes

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11
Q

What is MAC?

A

Membrane Attack Complex

A complex of Complement System products that when bound together form a pore in the membrane of microbes causing Lysis of the microbe

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12
Q

What is Humoral Immunity?

A

One type of Adaptive Immunity

Protects against extracellular microbes and their toxins

Involves B-Cells and their ability to produce antibodies

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13
Q

What is Cell-Mediated Immunity?

A

One type of Adaptive immunity

Protects against intracellular microbes

Involves T-Cells

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14
Q

What is Clonal Selection?

A

Lymphocytes specific for a large number of antigens exist before exposure to antigen, and when antigen enters, it selectively activates antigen-specific cells

Lymphocytes of the same specificity are said to constitute a clone

All members of one clone express identical antigen receptors, which are different from the receptors in all other clones

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15
Q

How are T and B cells capable of producing such large diversity of antigen receptors?

A

Somatic Recombination

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16
Q

How does somatic recombination work?

A

Genes encoding receptors consist of spatially separated segments that cannot be expressed as proteins without Recombination

During Lymphocyte maturation, these gene segments recombine in random sets and variations are introduced at the sites of recombination, forming many different genes that can be transcribed and translated into functional antigen receptors

The enzyme in developing lymphocytes that mediates recombination of these gene segments is the product of RAG-1 and RAG-2 (Recombination Activating Genes)

All cells contain the antigen receptor genes, but only B and T lymphocytes have recombined antigen receptor genes

17
Q

What are T Helper Cells?

A

Helper T Lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocytes to make antibodies and activate other leukocytes (e.g., phagocytes) to destroy microbes

CD4+

18
Q

What are Cytotoxic T Cells?

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) kill infected cells

CD8+

19
Q

What are Regulatory T Cells?

A

Regulatory T Lymphocytes limit immune responses and prevent reactions against self antigens

Responsible for Peripheral Tolerance

Colin MOD 2 (3 decks)

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