Environmental and Nutritional Pathology

Question 1

What is GBD?

Answer 1

Global Burden of Disease

Study between 1990 and 2010, looking at trends morbidity/mortality of major communicable and non-communicable diseases

Question 2

What is the single leading global cause of health loss (morbidity and premature death)?

Answer 2

Undernutrition

Question 3

What is the leading cause of death in developed countries?

Answer 3

Ischemic Heart Disease and Cerebral Vascular Disease

Question 4

What is responsible for 5/10 leading causes of death in developing countries?

Answer 4

Infectious Diseases

Question 5

What are the 3 conditions responsible for 50% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years of age, in the postnatal period?

Answer 5

Pneumonia

Diarrheal Diseases

Malaria

Question 6

Did the incidence of Cardiovascular and Circulatory Diseases between 1990 and 2010 increase or decrease?

Answer 6

Increase

Question 7

Did the incidence of Cancer between 1990 and 2010 increase or decrease?

Answer 7

Increase

Question 8

Did the incidence of Neonatal Conditions between 1990 and 2010 increase or decrease?

Answer 8

Decrease

Question 9

Did the incidence of Diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases between 1990 and 2010 increase or decrease?

Answer 9

Decrease

Question 10

Did the incidence of HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis between 1990 and 2010 increase or decrease?

Answer 10

Increase

Question 11

What are Emerging Infectious Diseases?

Answer 11

Emerging infections are defined as Infectious disorders whose incidence has recently increased or could reasonably increase in the near future

Question 12

What are the 3 categories of Emerging Infectious Diseases?

Answer 12

• Newly evolved strains or organisms
• Pathogens endemic to other species that recently “jumped” to human population
• Pathogens that have been present in human population, but show recent increase in incidence

Question 13

What is an example of a newly evolved strain or organism?

Answer 13

Multidrug Resistant TB

Question 14

What is an example of pathogens endemic to other species that recently “jumped” to human population?

Answer 14

HIV

Question 15

What is an example of pathogens that have been present in human population but show recent increase in incidence?

Answer 15

Dengue Fever

• Due to warming climate
• Spread into Southern US

Question 16

Which diseases will have an increase in incidence as a result of climate change?

Answer 16

Cardiovascular Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
Respiratory Disease
Gastroenteritis
Cholera
Other Foodborne/Waterborne Infectious Diseases
Vector-borne Infectious Diseases (Malaria;Dengue Fever)
Malnutrition

Question 17

What about climate change will cause an increase in incidence of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Respiratory Diseases?

Answer 17

Worsened by heat waves and air pollution

Question 18

What about climate change will cause an increase in incidence of Gastroenteritis, cholera, and other foodborne/waterborne infectious diseases?

Answer 18

Contamination as a consequence of floods and disruption of clean water supplies and sewage treatment, after heavy rains and other environmental disasters

Question 19

What about climate change will cause an increase in incidence of Vector-borne infectious diseases, such as Malaria and Dengue Fever?

Answer 19

Changes in vector number and geographic distribution related to increased temperatures, crop failures, and more extreme weather variation (e.g., more frequent and severe El Nino events)

Question 20

What about climate change will cause an increase in incidence of Malnutrition?

Answer 20

Changes in local climate that disrupt crop production

Estimated that by 2080, agriculture productivity may decline by 10-25% in some developing countries as a consequence of climate change