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MOD > Immunopathology > Flashcards

Immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Is the immune system a multi network system.

A

Yes

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2
Q

what 2 components is the immune system split into

A

innate and adaptive

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3
Q

what are the 3 main components of the innate immune system

A

barrier and chemical mechanisms
PRR
Cellular.

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4
Q

what are the 3 main components of the adaptive immune system

A

humoral and cellular.

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5
Q

what are the major receptors and molecules involved in the innate immune system
(recognise non foreign species but the response is non specific)

A 
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR).
Antimicrobial peptides
Cells
Complement componenets
Cytokines
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6
Q

what is the function of cytokines

A

mediate host defines system and direct and recruit adaptive immune responses.

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7
Q

what molecule of the innate immune system do anti rheumatic drugs work on

A

cytokines.

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8
Q

do pattern recognition receptors have diversity for different antigens

A

Yes- each immune cell group has the same antigen recognition receptor this is however specific to the spieces e.g. bacteria no to the organism

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9
Q

what are the 2 groups of pattern recognition receptors

A
  1. Cell surface (transmembrane) and intracellular receptors – TLRs, NLRs, RLR’s and CLR’s
  2. Fluid-phase soluble molecules.
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10
Q

what family do the fluid phase recognition PRR associated with

A

C type lectin family.

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11
Q

what is the function of fluid phase recognition molecules

A

recognition of microbial complex carbohydrates
Bind via carbohydrate recognition domains
role in neutralisation
role in recruitment of adaptive response.

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12
Q

what are the 3 pathways within the complement system

A

classical
MB-lectin
Alternative pathway.

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13
Q

what stimulates the classic pathway

A

antigen and antibody complex.

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14
Q

what stimulates the MB lectin pathway

A

MB lectin binds mannose on pathogens

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15
Q

whats stimulates the alternative pathways

A

pathogen surface.

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16
Q

what complex do the terminal complememnt components form

A

MAC

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17
Q

what does factor C3b do

A

binds to complement receptors on phagocytes
oppsinisation of pathogens
removal of immune complexes.

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18
Q

what do factors C3a and C5a do

A

peptide mediators of inflammation and phagocyte recruitment,

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19
Q

what are the 3 main cytokines of the innate immune system

A

IL1, IL6, TNF

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20
Q

what is the function of IL1 and what produces it and what does it act on

A

source- macrophages, endothelial and epithelial.
Target- hypothalamus
Function- increase coagulation, increase inflammation, increase acute phase proteins)

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21
Q

what is the function of IL6 and what produces it and what does it act on

A

source- macrophages, endothelia, T lymphocytes.
Target- hepatocytes and liver.
Function- increase acute phase proteins and increase B lymphocyte proliferation.

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22
Q

what is the function of TNF and what produces it and what does it act on

A

source- macrophages, T lymphocytes
Target- endothelia.
Function- increase coagulation and inflammation
Target hepatocytes- increased acute phase proteins, increase neutrophil activation.
Target- hypothalamus
Function- increased fever.

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23
Q

what is the function of a macrophage

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria, produce antimicrobial peptides and cytokines

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24
Q

what is the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

A

produces IFN- antiviral and anti tumour.

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25
Q

what is the function of myeloid dendritic cells

A

interstitial DC’s produce IL2 and IL10 (found in lung heart intestines and kidney).
Langerhans DC’s produce IL12 are located skin, epithelia and thymic medulla.

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26
Q

where are dendritic cells found

A

T cell zones of lymphoid organs.

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27
Q

what is he function of natural killer cells.

A

kill host cells with low MHC and self peptide presentation

Express NK receptors that inhibit NK function in the presence of high expression of MHC

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28
Q

What is the function of NK T cells

A

lymphocytes with both T cell and NK surface makers that recognise lipid antigen of intracellular bacteria

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29
Q

what is the function of neutrophils

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria and produce antimicorbial peptides.

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30
Q

what is the function of eosinophils

A

kill invading parasites

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31
Q

what is the function of mast cells and basophilic

A

release TNF, IL6, IFN in response to bacterial PAMPs.

32
Q

what is function of epithelial cells

A

produce anti microbial peptides and tissue specific epithelia, produced innate immunity e.g lung epithelia produces surfactant proteins that bind and promote clearance of invading microbes.

33
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus

34
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

immune response
spleen (white pulp)
lymph nodes and mucosal surfaces.

35
Q

what is the mechanism of antigen presentation

A

Antigen internalised
broken down into peptides
Peptides associate with newly synthesised Class 2 molecules and are brought to the cell surface.
If the peptides are foreign they are recognised by helper T cells which are then activated.
Helper T cells produce cytokines needed by B cells, T cells , etc.

36
Q

what is the function of MHC glycoproteins

A

present antigenic peptides to T cells.

37
Q

what T cell do MHC 1 present to

A

T killer (cytotocxic cell)

38
Q

what T cell do MHC 2 present to

A

T (helper cell)

39
Q

what are the main antigen presenting cells

A

B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

40
Q

what is the main function of b cells

A

produce immunoglobulins

41
Q

what is the function of t killer cells

A

kill.

42
Q

what is the function of T helper cells

A

secrete growth factors (cytokines) which control immune response:

43
Q

what is the function of suppressor T lymphocytes

A

damp down immune response

44
Q

Binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by

A

Neutralisation
Agglutination
Precipitation of dissolved antigens
Activation of complement system.

45
Q

mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells work

A

Cytotoxic T cells binds to infected cell
Perforin makes holes in infected cell’s membrane and enzyme enters.
Infected cell is destroyed.

46
Q

define immunosupression

A

a natural or artificial process which turns off the immune response, partially or fully.

47
Q

define immunodeficiency

A

the lack of an efficient immune system-susceptibility to infections

48
Q

when is immunosupression commonly used

A

transplant rejection
autoimmune conditions
Lymphoproliferative diseases.

49
Q

define hypersensitivity

A

Undesirable, damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal reactions produced by the normal immune system (directed against innocuous antigens) in a pre-sensitized (immune) host.

50
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity is also known as

A

Ig E mediated
Allergic
Anaphylaxis

51
Q

what is the immunopathogenesis of Type 1

A

IgE Ab mediated mast cell and basophil degranulation- (Cross-linking of FceR by allergen)release of preformed and de novo synthesized inflammatory mediators

52
Q

what common antigens cause IgE mediated disease

A

pollen, bee venom and animal dander.

53
Q

what are the clinical features of type 1 reaction

A

fast onset- 15 mins 30 mins
weal and flare
can cause a second phase response.

54
Q

what diseases are associated with type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Hay fever, allergic asthma

55
Q

what cells produce IgE

A

plasma cells

56
Q

On what cells are the high affinity IgE receptors found

A

Mast cells and basophils.

57
Q

what is the function of histamines

A

Stimulation of irritant nerve receptors
Smooth muscle contraction
Increase in vascular permeability

58
Q

what is the function of kallikrenin.

A

Activates bradykinin - similar actions to histamine

59
Q

what 4 mediators are preformed in Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction and are involved in the early phase response

A

histamines, kallikrein and tryptase, and arachidonic acid mediators (prostglandins and leukotrienes)

60
Q

what 3 substances are involved in the late phase response of type 1 hypersensitiviy

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Granules- contain cytotoxic proteins.

61
Q

what 2 substances are archadonic acid derived

A

leukotrienes and prostaglandins

62
Q

what drives the main pathogenesis in allergy

A

cytokines

63
Q

immunopathogenesis of type 2 hypersensitivity.

A

Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions

Binding of antibody to target antigen on cell membrane.

64
Q

what does the formation of the antigen antibody complex result in

A

Activation of the complement cascade resulting in cell lysis

Aggregation of Fc portions of immunoglobulin/C3b with binding to FcRs/C3bR resulting in opsonisation, phagocytosis & destruction
Initiated by IgM or complement-binding IgG

65
Q

what cells are typically affected by type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Haematopoietic cells.

66
Q

Why is IgM more efficient in type 2 hypersensitivity reactions than IgG

A

IgM is pentavalent and IgG requires multiple binding sites

67
Q

immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivity Type III.

A

IgG + Ag = AgAb complex
FcR in complex bind C1q
Complement activation leads to generation of activated complement fragments
C5a - attractant for neutrophils
C3b - Opsonin
Attempted phagocytosis of complexes - release of enzymes, oxygen radicals
Consequence is tissue damage

68
Q

What cell mediates type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T cell mediated - CD4+ cells (MHC class II)

69
Q

immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivity Type IV.

A

Initially perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes & monocytes.
Langerhan’s cells present neo-antigen to T cells
Ag-specific T cells release cytokines - recruitment of macrophages (non Ag-specific)
Activated macrophages cause tissue damage
Requires previous exposure to antigen.

70
Q

give an example of the type IV hypersensitivity

A

Tuberculin skin reaction

71
Q

define granulomas

A

Focal collections of inflammatory cells in tissues

72
Q

what inflammatory cells are involved in a granuloma formation.

A

Macrophages
Epithelioid cells (phagocytic cells containing foreign material)
Giant cells
Lymphocytes

73
Q

The T cells in granuloma formation are Th1 or Th2

A

Th1- secreter IL2 and IFN g.

74
Q

Granulomatous diseases include

A 
Mycobacterial
•	Tuberculosis
•	Atypical mycobacteria
•	Leprosy
Unknow aetiology
–	Sarcoidosis
–	Wegener’s Granulomatosis
–	Crohn’s disease
75
Q

which T cell is involved in type IV hypersensitivity

A

TH1

MOD (19 decks)

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