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MOD > Characteristics of tumours > Flashcards

Characteristics of tumours Flashcards

1
Q

define cancer

A

uncontrolled growth of cells which can invade and spread to distant sites in the body.

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2
Q

define tumour

A

abnormal swelling

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3
Q

define neoplasm

A

lesion resulting from autonomous growth or relatively autonomous growth of cells that persist in the absence of the initiating stimulus.

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4
Q

define histogenesis

A

The differentiation of cells into specialised tissues and organs during growth from undifferentiated cells (3 primary germ layers)

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5
Q

Are tumours categorised histogenically

A

Yes

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6
Q

what is the tumour name given to epithelial cell tumours

A

carcinoma.

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7
Q

what is the tumour name given to connective tissue tumours

A

Sarcomas

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8
Q

what is the tumour name given to lymphoid/haematopoietc organs

A

lymphomas, leukaemias

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9
Q

define differentiation in terms of tumours.

A

The extent that neoplastic cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells, morphologically and functionally

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10
Q

what are the typical features of benign tumours

A

well differentiated and mitoses are rare.

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11
Q

what are the typical features of malignant tumours

A

wide-range of parenchymal differentiation.
Most exhibit morphologic alterations showing malignant nature.
Well-differentiated malignant tumours and benign tumours can look very similar

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12
Q

define anaplasia

A

Neoplasms, which have poorly differentiated cells

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13
Q

what morphological changes take place in tumours

A

pleomorphism- shape and size.
abnormal nuclear morphology
mitoses
loss of polarity

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14
Q

are pleomorphisms extremely variable in different tumours and cells

A

Yes

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15
Q

what changes can cause abnormal nuclear morphology in tumour cells.

A

nuclei become large
nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio can reach 1:1.
variability in nuclear shape
Chromatin distribution- coarsely clumped or along the cell membrane.
hyperchromatism- dark in colour and large nucleoli.

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16
Q

are mitosis seen in normal tissue

A

Yes- especially in cells with a high turnover

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17
Q

what is different about mitoses which are sen in cancer cells

A

◦ Tripolar
◦ Quadripolar
◦ Multipolar spindles
Lot more proliferation occurring.

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18
Q

what does loss of polarity result in

A

Orientation of cells disturbed

Disorganised growth

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19
Q

what are the 4 categories of differentiation of the tumour cells.

A

Well differentiated
Moderately differentiated
Poorly differentiated
Undifferentiated / anaplastic

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20
Q

define grade

A

related to differentiation / clinical behaviour
well differentiated tumours-lowgrade
poorly differentiated tumours high grade.

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21
Q

define stage

A

A measure of prognostication / therapeutic decisions

22
Q

why are well differentiated tumours better than poor differentiated tumours, an what glands commonly display this

A

Better differentiation = better retention of normal function

endocrine glands.

23
Q

define paraneoplastic syndromes

A

caused by substances that are secreted by a benign tumor, a malignant (cancerous) tumor, or a malignant tumor’s metastases. The disturbances caused by paraneoplastic syndromes occur in body organs at sites that are distant or remote from the primary or metastatic tumors.

24
Q

what paraneoplastic features do bronchogenic carcinomas show.

A

◦ Corticotropin
◦ Parathyroid-like hormone
◦ Insulin
◦ Glucagon

25
Q

are benign tumours encapsulated

A

YES- within a rim of compressed fibrous tissue.

26
Q

are benign tumours palpable and easily excised

A

Yes.

27
Q

Are malignant tumours encapsulated

A

Yes-Pseudo encapsulation

28
Q

define metastases

A

“Spread of a tumour to sites physically discontinuous with the primary tumour”

29
Q

can benign tumours metastases

A

No

30
Q

what characteristics predispose a tumour to being metastatic

A

◦ Lack of differentiation
◦ Local invasion
◦ Rapid growth
◦ Large size

31
Q

what are the 3 methods by which metastases can happen and which is most common

A

direct seeding
lymphatic spread- common
haematogenous spread.

32
Q

what is direct seeding metastases

A

Neoplasm penetrates a natural open field without physical barriers

33
Q

what is lymphatic spread metastases.

A

Most common pathway
Tumours do not contain lymphatic channels
Lymphatic vessels at the tumour margins

34
Q

what is haematogenous spread of metastases

A

via blood

35
Q

does the pattern of lymph node involvement follow lymph node drainage

A

Yes

36
Q

define sentinel node

A

The first node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumour

37
Q

how is the sentinel node identified.

A

Injection of radiolabelled tracers/coloured dyes

38
Q

what are the uses of regional nodes

A

Effective barriers to further tumour dissemination.
Cells arrest within node and then can be destroyed by a tumour-specific immune response.
Not every enlarged node has cancer in it -Drainage of tumour cell debris and tumour antigens induces reactive change in nodes

39
Q

which type of tumour is more commonly spread haemoatogneously

A

sarcomas

40
Q

which type of blood vessel is commonly used in haematogneously spread and why

A

Veins more easily penetrated

-Thinner walls

41
Q

are benign tumours slow growing of fast growing

A

slow

42
Q

are malignant tumour slow or fact growing

A

fast

43
Q

do bengin tumours locally invade

A

no

44
Q

define stroma

A

connective tissue framework that neoplastic cells are embedded in.
Provides: mechanical support, intracellular signalling and nutrition

45
Q

define desmoplastic reaction

A

fibrous stroma formation due to induction of connective tissue fibroblast proliferation by growth factors from the tumour cells

46
Q

what does the stroma provide

A

Provides: mechanical support, intracellular signalling and nutrition

47
Q

what does the stroma contain

A

cancer-associated fibroblasts
myofibroblasts
blood vessels
lymphocytic infiltrate

48
Q

what are local complications of tumours

A

compression- displacement of adjacent tissues

destruction- invasion of blood vessels and mucosal surfaces.

49
Q

what are the metabolic complications of tumours

A

well differentiated tumours retain normal function
Number of cells exceeds normal organ
over function of the cells

50
Q

Non specific metabolic effects of tumours

A 
cachexia- weight loss
Warburg effect- produces energy by high rates of glycolysis with fermentation of lactic acid
neuropathies
myopathies
venous thrombosis.

MOD (19 decks)

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