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EMS - Mechanisms of Disease > Immunopathology (5 and 6) > Flashcards

Immunopathology (5 and 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immune system

A

Barrier and chemical mechanisms, PRR, cellular (phagocytes, natural killer cells)

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2
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Humoral or cellular

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3
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Antigen recognition receptor in the innate system

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4
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors usually detect?

A

Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) but also Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP’s)

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5
Q

2 Groups of PRR

A
  1. Cell surface (transmembrane) and intracellular receptors -TLRs, NLRs, RLR’s and CLR’s
    - Fluid-phase soluble molecules
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6
Q

Fluid-phase recognition molecules

A

C-type lectin family

  • Collections - Mannan-binding Lectin/Surfactant protein A & D
  • Recognition of microbal complex carbohydrates
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7
Q

Fluid-phase recognition molecules role

A

Neutralisation of pathogen and recruitment of adaptive response

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8
Q

What do fluid-phase recognition molecules bind via

A

Carbohydrate-Recognition Domains (CRDs)

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9
Q

IL1

A

First cytokine in response to infection makes you feel ill

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10
Q

Other important cytokines

A

TNF, IL6, IL23

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11
Q

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

Produce IFN (circulate in blood)

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12
Q

Myeloid dendritic cells

A

Produce IL12 and IL10 (circulate in blood)

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13
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Kill foreign and host cells that have low levels of MHC+ self peptides (self regulatory)

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14
Q

NK-T cells

A

T cell and NK surface markers, kill host cells infected with intracellular bacteria

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15
Q

Plasma cell

A

First thing engaged with macrophages if infection, informs adaptive immune system what to do, found everywhere

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16
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytose and kill bacterial (produce antimicrobial peptides)

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17
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill invading parasites

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18
Q

Mast cells and basophils

A

Release TNF, IL-6, IFN in response to bacterial PAMPs

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19
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Unique antigen receptor found on each lymphocyte, in infection undergoes clinical expansion, high degree of specificity

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20
Q

Primary lymphoid organ

A

Bone marrow and Thymus

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21
Q

Secondary lymphoid organ

A

Spleen (white pulp), lymph node, mucosal surfaces

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22
Q

Antigen presentation

A

Antigens are internalised and broken down to peptides, associate with newly synthesised class 2 molecules brought to cell surface

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23
Q

Peptide are foreign

A

Recognised by helper T cells which are activated, produce cytokines need by B cells, T cells etc

24
Q

What are Histocompability Antigens/HLA?

A

Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of mammalian cells which make everyone unique

25
Q

Class 1

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

26
Q

Class 2

A

HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR

27
Q

Functions of class 1 and class 2 MHC proteins

A

T cells can only see antigen in associated with MHC proteins (can present many peptides with similar structure)

28
Q

MHC class 1 proteins present peptides to

A

Cytotoxic T cells

29
Q

MHC class 2 proteins present peptides to

A

Helper T cells

30
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Can secrete antibodies (humoral immunity)

31
Q

Killer/cytotoxic T cell

A

Can kill (cellular immunity)

32
Q

Helper T cell

A

Secrete growth factors (cytokines) which control immune response, help B and T cells

33
Q

Suppressor T lymphocytes

A

Dampen down immune response

34
Q

Which lymphocytes are the target of HIV?

A

Helper T lymphocytes

35
Q

Th1

A

Parasites/virsuses

36
Q

Th2

37
Q

Th3

A

Produces IL-17, fungal defence

38
Q

Immunosuppression

A

A natural/artificial process which turns off immune response (partially/fully) (accidentally/on purpose)

39
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Lack of an efficient immune system-susceptibility to infections

40
Q

Uses of immunosuppression

A

Transplant rejection, autoimmune disease and lymphoprolfierative diseases

41
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Undesirable, damaging and sometime fatal reactions produced by normal immune system in a pre-sensitised host

42
Q

Allergy

A

Altered reactivity

43
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 1

A

IgE mediated

44
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 2

45
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 3

A

Immune complex reaction

46
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 4

A

Cell mediated reaction (DTH)

47
Q

Examples of allergic diseases

A

Asthma, rhinitis, dermatitis, food allergy

48
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 3 reaction

A
  • IgG + Ag = AgAb complex
  • FcR in complex bind C1q
  • Complement activation leads to generation of activated complement fragments
  • C5a - attractant for neutrophils
  • C3b - opsonin
  • Attempted phagocytosis of complexes - release of enzymes, O2 radicals
  • Tissue damage
49
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 4 reaction

A
  • Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and monocytes
  • Langherhan’s cells present neo-antigen to T cells
  • Ag-specific T cells release cytokines - recruitment of macrophages (non Ag-specific)
  • Activated macrophages cause tissue damage
  • Requires previous exposure to antigen
50
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Combination of DTH and cytotoxic reaction, antigen presentation by APC, Keratinocytes present to CTL precursors

51
Q

Examples of contact dermatitis

A

Posion ivy and Nickel (Nickel acts as hapten with epidermal proteins)

52
Q

What are granulomas?

A

Focal collections of inflammatory cells in tissues - macrophages, epitheloid cells, giant cells, lymphocytes

53
Q

T cell granulomas

A

Th1 type and secrete IL2 and IFNy

54
Q

What is released by macrophages to initiate granuloma formation?

55
Q

Granulomatous diseases examples

A
  • Mycobacterial (TB, atypical mycobacteria, leprosy)
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Wegener’s Granulomatosis
  • Crohn’s disease
56
Q

Tuberculoid Leprosy

A

Th1 protective

57
Q

Lepromatous Leprosy

A

Th2 non-protective

EMS - Mechanisms of Disease (21 decks)

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