Abnormalities of Growth, Differentiation & Morphogenesis (17) Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular adaptation

A

Allows tissues and organs to cope with changes in demand (physiological/pathological)

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2
Q

What adaptations can occur? Change in..

A

Size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, function due to changes in environment/demand (reversible)

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3
Q

Failure of adaption leads to

A

Sub-lethal/lethal cell injury (marked susceptibility to injury, stimulus is too severe)

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4
Q

Cells that don’t need to adapt

A

Fibroblasts - survive severe metabolic stress without harm e.g. absence of O2

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5
Q

Cells that adapt easily

A

Epithelial cells, labile cell population - active stem cell compartment

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6
Q

Cells that cannot adapt

A

Cerebral neurons - terminally differentiated, permanent cell population, high specialised function, easily damaged by environmental change

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7
Q

Physiological cellular adaption

A

Responding to normal changes in physiology or demand

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8
Q

Pathological cellular adaption

A

Responding to disease related changes

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9
Q

Increased cellular activity leads to

A

Increase size/number of cells

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10
Q

Types of adaptive response

A

Increased/decreased cellular activity, change of cell function and morphology

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11
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cells, increase in function capacity. increased metabolism, increased synthesis of structural components (seen in permanent cell populations - cardiac/skeletal muscle)

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12
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells caused by cell division, possible in labile/stable cell populations

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13
Q

Subcellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A

Increase in size and number of subcellular organelles

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14
Q

Example of physiological hyperplasia

A

Hormonal, compensatory

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15
Q

Example of pathological hyperplasia

A

Excess hormones, growth factors

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16
Q

Clinical example of pathological hyperplasia

A

Gynaecomastia - glandular and stroll tissue in breast (high oestrogen/liver disease)

Graves disease (thyrotoxicosis)

17
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in size of organ/tissue by decrease in cell size and number

18
Q

Physiological atrophy

A

Embryogenesis, uterus after pregnancy/menopause

19
Q

Pathological atrophy

A

Decreased workload (disuse), loss of innervation (denervation), diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition (cachexia), loss of endocrine stimulation, pressure

20
Q

Mechanisms of atrophy

A

Reduction in vol of individual cells, death of individual cells (apoptosis/involution)

21
Q

Involution

A

Physiological atrophy by apoptosis

22
Q

Agenesis

A

Never forms

23
Q

Aplasia

A

Primary tissue never develops into anything specific

24
Q

Dysgenesis

A

Forms wrong shape

25
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Not develop to normal size

26
Q

Metaplasia

A

Transformation of one differentiated cell type into another, better adaption to new environment, epithelium and mesenchymal tissue, physiological or pathological

27
Q

Examples of pathological metaplasia

A

Lungs - pseudo stratified ciliated epithelia > Squamous epithelium

Acid reflux - oesophageal squamous epithelium > columnar (glandular) epithelium

28
Q

Examples of physiological metaplasia

A

Cervix

29
Q

Dysplasia

A

Earliest morphological manifestation of multistage process of neoplasia (irreversible), in-situ/non-invasive, abnormal nuclei, show cytological features of malignancy but no invasion