Immunology Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Common allergies in children

A

milk, egg, peanut, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish

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2
Q

Common allergies in adults

A

peanut, nuts, shellfish, fish, fruits/veggies mild

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3
Q

What are the two types of food allergies and what are their typical symptoms?

A

IgE Mediated (urticaria, anaphylaxis), and non-IgE mediated (isolated GI reactions)

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4
Q

What goes wrong in the GI tract with allergy?

A

Food proteins usually stimulate a Treg response. In allergy, Th2 cells are generated directing IgE antibodies AND/OR T cells may produce cytokines causing eosinophilic reaction (IL5)

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5
Q

What happens in an IgE mediated allergy?

A

IgE specific for the food cross links, signals transduced, preformed mediators released (e.g., histamine). Clinical reactions ensue quickly

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6
Q

Oral Allergy Syndrome (pollen food syndrome)

A

Mouth itch usually with no Sx outside of mouth. Birch pollen usually associated with stone fruit allergy, ragweed with melon allergy.

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7
Q

Examples of non-IgE mediated allergies

A

enterocolitis, enteropathy, gastroenteritis, celiac. Eosinophilic esophagitis and atopic dermatitis in between.

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8
Q

Eosinophilic esophagitis

A

basically a rash of the esophagus. Furrows, rings, or white plaques on endoscopy

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9
Q

Anti-IgE

A

Binds only to Fc region of antibody

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10
Q

Desensitization vs. tolerance

A

tolerance long term and independent of other variables (basically cured).

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11
Q

EPIT

A

epicutaneus immunotherapy. Epithelial langerhans cells may induce regulatory and or Th-1 like responses with chronic exposure

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12
Q

What deficiencies lead to spontaneous tumors?

A

RAG-1 or RAG-2, perforin, IFNgamma, IL-12 or

B2-microglobulin

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13
Q

TILs

A

tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Most often CD3

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14
Q

Do solid tumors express costimulatory molecules?

A

NO

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15
Q

Tumor Associated Antigens (TAA)

A

germline sequences normally silent, re-expressed embryonic antigens (not usually expressed, little tolerance), over expressed normal differentiation antigens, oncogenic viral antigens

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16
Q

Some non-mutated TAAs on human tumors?

A

cancer testis antigens, MUC1, Her2/neu, CEA, MART-1, tyrosinase, HPV, EBV, HBV and HCV

17
Q

Some mutated TAAs on human tumors?

A

p53, p21ras,

18
Q

Tumor cells are antigenic, so why don’t effector cells kill them?

A

peripheral tolerance (essentially autoimmunity), secretion of inhibitory cytokines (TGFbeta and IL10), tumor cells aren’t seen as different, Loss of MHC expression by tumors so can’t be recognized by T cells,

19
Q

What happens to anti-tumor immunity as tumors increase?

A

It decreases

20
Q

Passive immunotherapy

A

The infusion of antibodies or mature T cells to the patient to attack the tumor.
This type of therapy does not induce permanent change in the patient’s own immunity. NO MEMORY, short lived

21
Q

Active immunotherapy

A

Tumor vaccines that directly stimulate the patient’s own immune cells to make a response against the tumor. Maybe long lived

22
Q

ADCC

A

antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity - tumor destruction induced through antibodies and NK cells or eosinophils

23
Q

What are other ways antibodies can inhibit growth of cancer cells?

A

block receptors, deliver immunotoxins, or block checkpoint inhibitors (Prevents CTLA-4 or PD-1 engagement from inhibiting T cells)

24
Q

CTLA-4

A

blocking it prevents down regulation of T cell proliferation, can’t bind B7

25
What is 5-FU?
cancer therapy drug
26
Why is RAG important?
For VDJ recombination.
27
Why is TAP important?
In the absence of TAP, peptides cannot enter the ER, so they are not loaded onto MHC class I molecules, also protecting the tumor cells from destruction by CD8+ cells.
28
How can carbohydrates be recognized as antigens?
By antibodies, not by T cells
29
How does X-linked agammaglobulinemia occur?
It occurs as a result of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) deficiency. Don't produce antibodies
30
How does Hyper IgM occur?
Hyper-IgM syndrome results from a CD40L deficiency, causing lack of class switching, memory and affinity maturation.
31
How does SCID occur?
There are many causes of SCID, which is a result of blocks in the maturation of both B and T cells.
32
What's the most common immunoglobulin deficiency?
IgA