Immunology Week 1?

Question 0

Innate immunity

Answer 0

Short term and rapid. Different microbes have same receptor (not as specific or diverse). Receptors are from Germline. Ex: toll-like receptor (TLR), N-formyl methionyl, mannose receptor. Distribution is nonclonal so all cells from same lineage have same receptors.

Question 1

Signs of anaphylaxis

Answer 1

Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Drop in BP
Decreased plasma volume
Shock
Rapid swelling of throat tissues 
Hives
Inability to swollen
Loss of consciousness

Question 2

Adaptive immunity

Answer 2

Slow and long term
B, T, and natural killer cells
Greater diversity of receptors due to somatic recombination. Clonal distribution - clones have distinct specificities but diff receptors

Question 3

Humoral immunity

Answer 3

B lymphocytes work through secreted antibodies to block infection and eliminate extra cellular microbes

Question 4

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 4

Helper T lymphocytes bind to macrophage to activate in order to eliminate phagocytosed microbes

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill infected cells to eliminate intracellular microbes (viruses)

Question 5

Examples of autoimmune diseases

Answer 5

DM 1 T cells attack beta cells in pancreas.

Multiple sclerosis- body attacks myelin sheath of neurons

Allergies/hypersensitivity

Question 6

Physical barriers

Answer 6

Urine, tears, saliva

Question 7

Chemical barriers

Answer 7

Stomach acid

Question 8

Other barriers

Answer 8

Epithelium and skin, resident flora, temperature, nutrition, receptors

Question 9

Neutrophils

Answer 9

Short lives professional macrophages. Numbers increase rapidly w infection, 1st to site, form pus.

Question 10

Monocytes/macrophages

Answer 10

Long lived and multifunctional, activated by cytokines, can include microglia, kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, osteoclasts

Question 11

How do you dispose of ingested microbes?

Answer 11

Phagocytosed microbes sent to lysosomes, killed using ROS,NO.

Question 12

PAMPs

Answer 12

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 13

Extracellular receptors

Answer 13

TLR, Lectin (for microbial polysaccharides)

Question 14

Cytosolic receptors

Answer 14

NOD-like (for peptidoglycans), RIG-like (for viral DNA)

Question 15

Endosomal receptors

Answer 15

TLRs for Nucleic acids of ingested microbes

Question 16

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide

Answer 16

Aka endotoxin. Present in cell wall of bacteria both not in mammals

Question 17

How do B cells mature?

Answer 17

By recombining VDJ gene segments of heavy chain and light chain to form a BCR aka immunoglobulin

Question 18

What is the FAB region?

Answer 18

The variable region of Ab that recognizes antigen

Question 19

What is the Fc Region?

Answer 19

The constant region of Ab that has effector function, many cells have receptor for this part of the antibody.

Question 20

How do T cells mature?

Answer 20

By recombination of VDK gene segments of alpha and beta chains to form a TCR. They then undergo selection.

Question 21

What is the exogenous pathway?

Answer 21

extracellular pathogen taken in by endocytotic vesicle. Cleavage into peptides, ER vesicle with pathogen fuses with MHCII vesicle and go to cell surface, present to CD4

Question 22

What is the endogenous pathway?

Answer 22

intracellular pathogens start in cytosol. Proteasome cleaves pathogen into peptides, which enter the ER through the TAP transporter and bind MHC 1. MHC+peptide go to cell surface and present to CD8.

Question 23

What do TNFalpha and IL-1 do?

Answer 23

Vasodilation, vascular perm, increased blood flow, up regulation of selections on endothelial cells,

Question 24

What do c3a and c5a do?

Answer 24

anaphylaxis

Question 25

What do C5-C9 do?

Answer 25

MAC (membrane attack complex), lysis of microbe

Question 26

What is a CD4 Th1 cell? How does it develop and what does it secrete?

Answer 26

develops in the presence of IL-12, secretes TNFalpha, IFNgamma, and IL-2 to yield inflammation and class switching to IgG.

Question 27

What is a CD4 Th2 cell? How does it develop and what does it secrete?

Answer 27

Develops in the presence of IL-4, secrete Il-4, IL-5, and IL-13 to yield allergy, helminth attack, and class switching to IgE

Question 28

What is the CD40-CD40L interaction?

Answer 28

Activated CD4 T cell with CD40L interacts with B cell with antigenic peptide’s CD40. Leads to class switching, somatic hypermutation, and memory.