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Immunology > Immunology Test 2 > Flashcards

Immunology Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules that bind to antibodies

A

Antigens

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2
Q

Ability to react to antibodies

A

Antigenicity

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3
Q

Molecules that induce immune responses, (Humoral & Cell mediated responses).

A

Immunogens

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4
Q

Ability to induce immune response.

A

Immunogenicity

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5
Q

In most cases, antigens are ___, & terms are used interchangeably.
But there are certain exceptions; ___ are important example.

A

Immunogens

Haptens

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6
Q

___ are small molecules that consist only of a determinant group & are too small by themselves to elicit an ___response.

A

Haptens

Immune

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7
Q

Many drugs, such as ___, are haptens

A

Penicillin

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8
Q

Catechol in the plant oils that cause ___ and ___ are haptens.

A

Poison Oak

Poison Ivy

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9
Q

Haptens are not immunogenic, because they cannot activate ___.

A

Helper t cells

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10
Q

Haptens are univalent & cannot activate ___ by themselves.

A

B-cells

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11
Q

Haptens cannot stimulate a primary or secondary response by themselves; they can only do so when covalently bound to a ___ ___

A

Carrier Protein

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12
Q

Molecules recognized as ___ are not immunogenic

A

self

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13
Q

: The most potent immunogens are proteins with high molecular weight; (above 100,000) ___ and ___ are the most potent immunogens (respectively).

A

proteins

polysaccharides

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14
Q

Amino acids (___) are weaker immunogenic than ___ containing two or three different amino acids.

A

homopolymers

heteropolymers

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15
Q

Small chemical groups of the antigen molecules that can elicit & react with antibody.

A

Epitopes

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16
Q

Most antigens have many ___, & are ___.

A

epitopes

multivalent

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17
Q

___ is the main criterion of antigenic specificity

A

Overall 3D structure

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18
Q

Dosage, Route, & Timing of Antigen/ Immunogen Administration can all affect __

A

Immunogenicity

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19
Q

The ___ constitution of the host determines whether a molecule is immunogenic.

A

Genetic

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20
Q

___ enhance the immune response to an immunogen.

A

Adjuvants

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21
Q

Adjuvants are chemically unrelated to the immunogen & may act by ___ stimulating the ___ cells or by releasing the immunogen slowly.

A

nonspecifically

Immunoreactive

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22
Q

molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate.

A

Autoantigens

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23
Q

cell surface marker of one individual that are antigens to another of that same species.

A

Alloantigens

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24
Q

-molecules from unrelated species that bear similar antigenic determinants.

A

Heterophilic Antigens

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25
Q

___ are bacterial toxins that are a potent stimuli for T-cells. Their presence in an infection activates T-cells at a rate __ times greater than ordinary antigens. The results can be an overwhelming release of ___ and ___.

A

Superantigens
100
cytokines
cell death

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26
Q

toxic shock syndrome & certain autoimmune disease are associated with this class of antigens.

A

Superantigens

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27
Q

The capacity to induce specific immunological non-responsiveness in humoral /cell mediated response (the body recognizes it as foreign, but does not respond to do it).

A

Tollergenicity

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28
Q

___ will respond to any immunogen

A

B-cells

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29
Q

___ will only respond to the protein structure of a chain.

A

T-cells

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30
Q

Antibodies raised against a ___ antigen from one organism will cross-react with a similar or identical antigen from another source.

A

heterophilic

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31
Q

___ antigens may play a part in disease such as rheumatic fever & in false positive diagnostic tests (as occur in syphilis).

A

Heterophilic

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32
Q

Immunoglobins are ___ proteins on the surface of ___ that react specifically with the antigens

A

Globulin

B-cells

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33
Q

Antibodies (Immunoglobins) constitute __% of proteins in blood

A

20

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34
Q

Antibodies are secreted by ___ cells

A

plasma

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35
Q

Antibody is made up of __ and __ Polypeptide chains

A

Light (L)

Heavy (H)

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36
Q

__ regions in both chains are responsible for antigen binding

A

Variable (V)

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37
Q

Structure of Immunoglobins: __ shape w/ __ polypeptide chains (_L & _H) Held together by ___ bond

A 
Y
4
2
2
disulfide
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38
Q

C region in __ chain is for various biologic functions (complement activation & binding to cell surface receptors).

A

H

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39
Q

C region in __ chain has no known biological function.

A

L

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40
Q

__ & __ regions are composed of three dimensionally folded, repeating segments called ___
Hinge region: ___ bond will be broken in response to enzyme such as ___.

A 
V
C
Domains
peptide
papain
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41
Q

Antibody in treatment with papain enzyme produces two ___ fragments:

A

identical

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42
Q

___ carry the antigen binding sites, varies from one antibody to another and each has a unique shape for specific antigen.

A

Fab fragments

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43
Q

___ is involved for placental transfer, complement fixation, attachment to various cells type & other and biological activities

A

Fc fragment

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44
Q

Functions of Fab

A

Neutralize toxins
Neutralize viruses
Opsonize microbe
Activate complement
Prevent the attachment of microbes to mucosal surfaces
Having a catalytic (enzymatic) capability
Agglutination

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45
Q

___ contain an effector molecule that can bind to certain receptors on the membrane of cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils eosinophils, masT-cells, basophile & lymphocytes, which mediate inflammation & allergy.

A

Fc’s

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46
Q

___ is 80 % of immunoglobulin in the blood

A

IgG

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47
Q

IgG structure is ___

A

monomeric

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48
Q

IgG activates ___

A

complement

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49
Q

Only immunoglobin that can pass through placenta (up to 3 months after birth)

A

IgG

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50
Q

IgG functions in ___ response

A

secondary

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51
Q

After 3 months, infants will start to make ___

A

IgG

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52
Q

IgM constitutes __% of immunoglobulin in the blood

A

5-10

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53
Q

IgM structure is ___

A

Pentomeric (5 units)

54
Q

IgM has __ binding sites, held together by ___, which allows the molecules to pass through __.

A

10
J chains
Mucous Membranes

55
Q

__ has the highest activity

A

IgM

56
Q

___ agglutinate/clump together 100-1000 time more particles than IgG.

A

IgM

57
Q

The fetus will start to make IgM at __ months of ___.

A

5

gestation

58
Q

IgM functions in ___ response

A

primary

59
Q

IgA is __% of circulating antibodies

A

10-15

60
Q

Serum IgA with __ structure, present in ___ in very small amount, & function in absorption of ___

A

Dimeric
serum
B12

61
Q

Secretory IgA has a ___ structure and is held together by ___

A

dimeric

J-chain

62
Q

Secretory IgA is found in…

A 
Tears
Saliva
Sweat
Semen
Mucous
Breast Milk
63
Q

Secretory IgA is associated with ___ cells and can pass through ___

A

MALT

Mucous Membrane

64
Q

IgA has a special component called the ___ component, which prevent breakdown from the___ enzyme present in ___

A

secretory
lytic
mucous membranes

65
Q

Secretory IgA in Breast milk protect the ___ of the child during the first months of life, & the extent that the maternal ___ remains in child system.

A

GI Tract

IgG

66
Q

IgE is __% in circulation

A

0.05

67
Q

__ portion of IgE has a high affinity to bind with ___ & ___ & is therefore removed from circulation.

A

Fc
masT-cells
Basophils

68
Q

IgE has a ___ strucure

A

Monomeric

69
Q

Increased concentration of IgE indicates ___ infection or ___ reaction.

A

Parasitic

Hypersensitivity

70
Q

IgD is __% in circulation

A

0.2

71
Q

IgD has affinity to bind with ___

A

B-cell

72
Q

IgD is a trigger for ___ B-cells to become active ___ cells

A

memory

active

73
Q

Complement factor consists of 25-30 blood proteins that work to destroy bacteria & certain viruses by facilitating ___ or ___ in the cell membrane of bacteria

A

phagocytosis

digesting holes

74
Q

Complement factor causes ___ responses

A

inflammatory

75
Q

Blood proteins that originate from liver

A

Hepatocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

76
Q

Complement functions as a ___ reaction

A

cascade

77
Q

Anaphylatoxins cause:

A

Increased vessel permeability
Increased leukocyte adhesion
Chemotaxic actvity
Stimulate phagocytosis

78
Q

Function of Opsonins

A

Helps bind pathogen to phagocyte and facilitates phagocytosis

79
Q

As a result of activation, complement functions as an ___. Activated __ that is produced during complement activation is the most important opsonin for activation of ___ cells.

A

opsonin
C3
Phagocytic

80
Q

IgG can also function as opsonin by binding to __ receptor of phagocytic cells. Because of the lack of Fc receptor on phagocytic cells, ___ cannot function as opsonin & complement-mediated opsonization is important during a primary antibody response.

A

Fc

IgM

81
Q

Activated C3 initiates the activation of complement components ___ through cascade reaction, & creates a huge ring shaped protein, termed ___.

A

C5-C9

Membrane attack complex

82
Q

. Deficiency in the early lectin & classical pathways (C1, C2, & C4) cause type __ hypersensitivity (immune complex disease). Immune complex remains insoluble & would not be removed from the system.

A

III

83
Q

Deficiency in early components can cause the autoimmune disease ___. Deficiency or low level C1, C2, C4 & C3 can cause ___

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Recurrent Bacterial Infection

84
Q

Deficiency of the MAC (C5-9) results in higher risk of ___ infection

A

Neisseria

85
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (

86
Q

This receptor complex plays a major role in recognition of self by the immune system & in rejection of foreign tissue.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (

87
Q

The genes are located in on the sixth chromosome, clustered in a multigene complex of three subgroups called class I, class II, class & class III

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (

88
Q

This gene complex gives rise to a series of glycoproteins (called MHC antigens) found on all enucleated cells.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (

89
Q

genes code allows for recognition of self - molecules & regulation of immune reactions. This is required for certain T-cells.

A

Class I MHC

90
Q

3 sub- types for Class 1 MHC

A
  1. Type A with T-Suppressor cell
  2. Type B with T-Cytotoxic cell
  3. Type C with T- Memory cell
91
Q

code for immune regulatory receptors, but for the receptors that recognize & react with foreign antigens.Located on macrophages - B-cells & is involved in presenting antigens to T- helper cells during cooperative immune reactions.

A

Class II MHC

92
Q

It codes for molecules for certain secreted complement component Such as C2 & C4.

A

Class III MHC:

93
Q

Although humans are genetically the same species, the cells of each individual express molecules that are foreign (antigenic) to other humans, which is now the term
Histo-(tissue) compatibility (acceptance) originated.

A

Histocompatibility Antigen:

94
Q

In most immune reactions, the antigen must be formally presented to lymphocytes by special cells (Macrophages, dendritic cells, & B-cells) called ______ These cells display peptide-MHC complex for recognition to T lymphocyte cells.

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APC’s):

95
Q

Peptides from ____ ____ antigens are 8-10 amino acids long & are derived from host or viral proteins synthesized in the cytosol. These peptides are presented on the cell surface complex with _____ _____ molecules.

A

endogenous processed, class I MHC

96
Q

Peptides from processed exogenous antigens are presented on the cell surface in the groove of MHC class II molecules. These peptides are derived from proteins containing antigens that enter the cell by a process called endocytosis.

A

Exogenous antigen processing:

97
Q 
These cells are nucleated & express MHC class I molecules, as well as MHC class II molecules.
They can therefore present both endogenous & exogenous antigens.
A
  • B lymphocytes
  • Macrophages & monocytes
  • Langerhans cells.
  • Some epithelial cells
  • Dendritic cells
98
Q

_____ _____ _____, usually protein based, require recognition steps between the macrophage, antigen & lymphocyte

A

T-cell-dependent antigens

99
Q

The first T-cells on the scene to assist the macrophage in activating B-cells, & other T-cells are a special class of _____

A

helper T-cells (TH)

100
Q

Once identification has occurred, a cytokine, ________ produced by macrophage, activates the T helper cells (mature, & proliferate)

A

iterleukin-1

101
Q

______ stimulates a general increase in the activity of committed B-cells & T-cells.

A

interleukin-2

102
Q

______ are usually simple molecules such as carbohydrates, LPS, polysaccharides, of capsules that can trigger a response from B-cells without the cooperation of macrophages or T helper cells.

A

T -cell independent antigens

103
Q

______ such as bacterial membranes & viral particles require a macrophage & a T-helper cell to activate other lymphocytes.

A

Particulate antigens

104
Q

_____ Antigens, such as toxins & venoms, through receptor mediated endocytosis will be internalized in B-cells & be presented as B-cell class __ MHC protein (B-cell can function as its own APC). T-cells cannot internalize antigens & cannot function as their own APCs.

A

Soluble, II

105
Q

The function of Plasma cells is to secrete _____ with the same specificity as the original receptor

A

antibodies

106
Q

Antibody & memory B-cells generate _____ immunity.

A

Humoral

107
Q

Each______ is initially sensitized when antigen is bound to its receptor

A

T-cell

108
Q

The subset T-cells (T- helper, T-suppressor, T-cytotoxic, & T-delayed hypersensitivity) & memory T-cells generate _____ _____ Immunity

A

cell mediated

109
Q

most long lived blood cells

A

memory T-cells

110
Q

4 phases of Primary response

A

Latent period
Exponential period
Steady period
Decline Period

111
Q

The earliest part of the response that is marked by lack of antibodies against exposed antigen (7-10 days).

A

Latent Period

112
Q

The antibody titer in serum increases to a certain plateau.

A

exponential period

113
Q

The antibody titer remains constant for a short period of time when the production & degradation of antibody is balanced.

A

Steady period

114
Q 
The antibody titer tapers off to a low level over a few weeks or months.	
Early in the primary response, most of the antibodies are the IgM type, which is the first class to be secreted by secreted by naive plasma cells. 
Later, the class of antibody is switched to IgG
A

Decline Period

115
Q

When the immune system is exposed to the same immunogen within weeks, months, or even years, a _____ response occurs

A

secondary

116
Q

In a secondary response the rate of antibody production, the peak titer & the length of antibody persistence are greatly increased over the _____ response (exponential period).

A

primary

117
Q

The rapidity & amplification seen in the Secondary response are related to the _______cells (IgG production) that were formed during primary response.

A

memory B- forms the basis for vaccinations

118
Q

Is genetically based, & individuals are born with it (species, racial & individual).

A

Native state of immunity

119
Q

Acquired during life after birth (natural & artificial).

A

active state of immunity

120
Q

: When immunity is transferred from one individual to another by transferring immune cells or serum from an immunized individual to an un-immunized individual

A

Passive state of immunity

121
Q

Immune response to antigens may sometimes be excessive, causing harm or inconvenience to the host.
The host is said to be ________

A

hypersensitive

122
Q

Antigens that would usually pose no danger to the host were it not for the hypersensitivity, these antigens called _______

A

allergens

123
Q

There are __ major type of hypersensitivity

A

4

124
Q

Type I: (Allergic) reactions:
Mediated by IgE antibodies
IgE binds with ______ or _______ in the tissue, which will be the trigger on second exposure to release substances from their granules.
Reactions are rapid, occurring within 2-30 minutes (Immediate type)

A

basophils, masT-cells

125
Q

Type II: (Cytotoxic) reactions:
IgG or IgM antibodies are directed against antigen on the surface of cells. This may lead to cytotoxic action by ____ or activate the ______ cascade, which initiates the destruction of the cells.

A

K-cells, complement

126
Q

Type III: (Immune Complex) reactions:
IgG or IgM antibodies bind to antigens, form a complex & accumulate in the circulation or tissue, then activate the complement cascade. Granulocytes are attracted to the site of activation, & damage results from the release of ____ enzymes from their granules.
Reaction occurs within hours of exposure to the _____.

A

lytic, antigen

127
Q

Type IV: (Delayed) Cell mediated Immunity reactions: (Tuberculin test reaction).
Antigen sensitized T-cells release _______ following a secondary contact with the same antigen. Lymphokines induce inflammatory reactions, activate & attract _______, which release mediators.

A

lymphokines, macrophages

128
Q

Most clear examples for type ___ reactions are seen in the response to red blood cells.
These may occur following incompatible _____ transfusions.

A

II,blood

129
Q

In general, persons with blood types __,__&___ inherit a gene for the enzyme that adds a certain terminal sugar to the RBC receptor. Type-__ persons do not have such enzyme & lack the terminal sugar. (figure)

A

A, B, & AB

O

130
Q

mismatched transfusion eg type A blood given to type O person will result in ________ via by hemolysis, opsonization & increased phagocytosis

A

Hemoglobinuria

131
Q

_______ can clog up the filtering mechanism of the kidney & lead to tubular necrosis which may result in kidney failure.

A

Hemoglobinuria

Immunology (5 decks)

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