Immunology Studies: describe the findings

Question 1

Nieman et al., 1990

Clue: J shaped curve

Answer 1

J shaped curve

correlations between training load and URI incidence

Question 2

Falham and Engels, 2005

Clue: football and URI

Answer 2

Footballs show greater & of URI during season compared to controls, especially when immunogloblin is low.

Question 3

Ekblom et al., 2005

Clue: Recurrent infections

Answer 3

Recurrent infections

Athletes typically reporting post race infection reported pre race infection

Question 4

(Martensson, Nodebo and Malm, 2014)

Clue: Illness and performance

Answer 4

More illness, less training, worse performance

Question 5

(Brunsgaard et al., 1997)

Clue: Exposed to 7 Antigens

Answer 5

Exercise group exhibit much lesser immune function during recovery when exposed to 7 antigens.

Question 6

Cox et al., 2008 & Timpka et al., 2017

Clue: allergies

Answer 6

• Allergies get overlooked massively when diagnosing URI

Question 7

Nieman et al., 1994

Clue: Leukocyte cell counts

Answer 7

Initial leukocytosis after exercise. After 1 hour, we see and large reduction of neutrophils and reduction of monocytes and lymphocytes.

Adrenaline is the cause behind initial leukocytosis and cortisol stimulates the second increase of neutrophils and the migration of other leukocytes into the tissues.

Question 8

Blannin et al., 1996

Clue: Resting White Blood cells

Answer 8

Trained athletes exhibit lower resting leukocyte levels. However, said to be an artefact of an increased protein plasma resulting from exercise training. This pulls water from the tissues and dilates the blood, giving the impression of less Leukocytes.

Question 9

Booth et al., 2010

Clue: monocyte sub-sets

Answer 9

Classical- decrease immediately after exercise (left and gone into the tissues)

• Classical preferentially leave circulation

Intermediate and classical demarginalize following exercise then decline 1 hr post.

Question 10

Gleeson et al., 2006

Clue: TLR function following exercise

Answer 10

Invading proteins express patterns that are recognised by PRR’s on the innate immune system. After exercise, the monocyte TLR function is decreased, meaning monocytes are not activated and killing functions are decreased.

Question 11

Ceddia and woods, 1999

Clue: Antigen presentation in Mice

Answer 11

Decreased Antigen presentation following exercise.

Antigen presentation is crucial for adaptive immune responses. The authors used the expression of IL-2, something only a th1 cell can secrete when triggered to show if antigen presentation is present or not.

Question 12

Gavrieli et al., 2008

Clue: neutrophil chemotaxis

Answer 12

Chemotaxis relies on neutrophil adhesion to endothelial wall and migration through the endothelial wall and into the tissues.

Both are impaired following acute exercise

Question 13

Blannin et al., 1996

Clue: Phagocytic function of neutrophils

Answer 13

At rest, phagocytic activity is lower than control.

Post exercise, Phagocytic activity increases, but is still lower than control

Question 14

Bishop et al., 2003

Clue: Neutrophil degranulation
3 key findings

Answer 14

Spontaneous degranulation occurs and a large increase in elastase is observed following exercise.

However, when elastase increases are looked at per cell, we see a decrease following exercise.

Lots of elastase was found in the cells, so the authors suggest the signalling mechanisms that release elastase are impaired following exercise.

Question 15

Smith et al., 1990

Clue: Oxidative Burst and acute exercise

Answer 15

Oxidative burst is lower in trained athletes at all time points

Oxidative burst increases with acute training

Question 16

Hack et al., 1994

Clue: oxidative burst and Exhaustive exercise

Answer 16

Oxidative burst decreases following exhaustive exercise

Question 17

Raysmith & Drew

Answer 17

Athletes completing >80% of their planned training were 7 x more likely to reach their performance goals

50% of illness occurs in the 2 months before major competition

for every week of missed training, chances of achieving performance goals decreased by 26%