Exercise and the adaptive Immune System Flashcards
Describe and explain the effect of acute exercise on NK cells and function according to Nieman et al., 1993?
NK cell number increases following acute exercise due to the many B2 adrenoreceptors that NK cell express. Total NK cytotoxic activity (NKCA) also increases, however, when observing NKCA per NK cell, NKCA decreases following acute exercise.
Interestingly, during recovery, NKCA rises above baseline, suggesting a potential positive effect of acute exercise on NKCA.
Which NK cells (NKdim or NKbright) are preferentially mobilized following acute exercise and why?
Further, Campbell et al., 2009, show much larger NK cell mobilisation following what type of acute exercise?
NKdim are preferentially mobilised due the greater expression of B2 adrenoreceptors.
High intensity exercise.
Pederson et al., 1989 reported what effects of chronic training on NK cell count and NK cytotoxic activity at rest, compared to control?
Chronic training elicited larger resting NKcell count and NKCA activity at rest compared to control.
How did Kappel et al., 1991 show a significant relationship between NKcell count and NKCA between acute exercise and adrenaline?
Repeated groups were first given exercise protocol, and then in a seperate trial an IV of adrenaline. The results reported significantly similar changes to NK cell count and NKCA.
Fletcher and Bishop, 2012 reported what to NK cell numbers following prior-to-exercise caffeine?
NK cell numbers were significantly increased compared to control. An increase in NK cell number was also observed pre-exercise fpllowing caffeine ingestion.
Describe Nieman et al., 1994 graph comparing 45 min treadmill running at high and moderate intensity on Lymphocytes?
In both cases we see a biphasic response to exercise; that is, an initial lymphocytosis during exercise, followed by an immediate lymphocytopenia post exercise and during recovery.
HI treadmill running was associated with a significantly large lymphocytosis and lymphocytopenia.
Moderate running elicited a significant lymphocytopenia during recovery.
When T cells demarginalise, we see a relative change in subset (CD4* & CD8*) Tcell numbers. What do we see and why does this happen?
CD8* Tcells demarginalise more.
This is a result of having more B2 adrenoreceptors.
Which cells have the most B2 adrenoreceptors and what does this mean?
Cytotoxic cells (NK & CD8*)
They are preferentially leave the circulation and into the tissues.
Steenberg et al., 2001 reported what changes to T1 Tcell % following exhaustive exercise?
How might this be linked with athletes and URI?
What did the authors also report for T2 T cells?
Significant increase during exercise, then large significant decreases immediately and 2hrs post exercise.
T1 T cells secrete IL-2, an antiviral cytokine. With inhibited IL-2 secretion, athletes will be unable to effectively fight URIs.
The authors reported no significant changes to T2 Tcells.
What differences did Handhik et al., 2013 report between training volume and % of Treg cells, and subsequent IL-10 secretion, at rest?
As training volume increased, % of Treg cells of all lymphocytes increased. As did IL-10 concentraion.
Describe the true relationship between Tcell proliferation and exercise?
Tcell proliferation decreases during long and intensive exercise. Caution should be taken when interpreting findings because they may also reflect changes in lymphocyte subset distribution (NK cell counts in sample), or an increase in cell apoptosis (more cells dying, less cells proliferating).
Bishop et al., 2005 reported what to invitro Tcell proliferation in response to flu, when athletes were exposed to 90 minute football matches on two consecutive days?
Significant decrease in proliferation following the first match. Proliferation was also suppressed at the start of day 2.
How did Green and Rowbottom, 2003 show that in vitro studies of proliferation might not reflect the in vivo response to exercise?
Taking cells out of the body can cause apoptosis.
in the study, CD4&8 proliferation was decreased following acute running. However, this decrease was mirrored with an increase in cell death in both cell types.
According to a study on rats, during Tcell demarginisation, where do the mobilised Tcells come from? and where did they target?
The spleen
Targeted lungs, bone marrow and peyers patches
Bishop et al., 2009 reported effects on T cell migration to Human Rhinovirus following acute exercise?
Similar immediately after exercise but a significant 60% reduction in Tcell migration following exercise.
