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MTLE > Immunology, Serology and Blood Banking > Flashcards

Immunology, Serology and Blood Banking Flashcards

1
Q

antibody heterogeneity: variations between light and heavy chains; constant regions of all antibodies and kappa and lambda light chains

A

isotypes

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2
Q

antibody heterogeneity: species-specific variations in the constant domains of heavy or light chains; different alleles of heavy chains

A

allotypes

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3
Q

antibody heterogeneity: variation in the variable region; produced by a single clone of cells

A

idiotypes

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4
Q

links multiple monomers of IgM and IgA

A

joining (J) chain

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5
Q

predominant serum antibody, approximately 75% of immunoglobulins in the blood
only Ig that crosses placenta
produced in secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

A

IgG

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6
Q

IgG subclasses

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

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7
Q

IgG subclasses that activate the classical complement pathway

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3

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8
Q

five monomers linked together by a J chain and interchain disulfide bonds
10% of total serum Ig
first antibody produced against an immunogen
produced in high levels in the primary response
best activator of the classical pathway of complement only one molecule is required

A

IgM

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9
Q

2 forms of IgA

A

serum IgA
secretory IgA

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10
Q

IgA: single Ig molecule; antigen clearance and immune regulation

A

serum IgA

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11
Q

IgA: dimer held together by a J-chain; block attachment of viruses, bacteria and toxins to host cells

A

secretory IgA

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12
Q

2 subclasses of IgA

A

IgA1 and IgA2

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13
Q

accounts for 15-20% of total serum antibody

A

IgA

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14
Q

primarily a cell membrane surface component of beta-lymphocytes
short half-life (2-3 days)

A

IgD

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15
Q

responsible for allergic (type 1 hypersensitivity) reactions
Fc portion binds to receptors on mast cells and basophils
once attached to mast cells, binding to an allergen triggers degranulation of the cell and release of allergic mediators, such as histamine and leukotrienes
elevated concentrations are often found during parasitic infections

A

IgE

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16
Q

identical antibodies that are produced from a single clone of plasma cells
found in individuals with multiple myeloma
produced in industry by fusing an antigen-sensitized, splenic beta-lymphocyte with non secreting myeloma cell thus creating an immortal cell line that secretes an antibody of a single idiotype

A

monoclonal antibodies

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17
Q

quantitation on antibodies

A

radial immunodiffusion
nephelometry
turbidimetry

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18
Q

immune system: responsible for non specific response
phagocytosis of invaders
present immunogens to T helper cells, the first step in an immune response
release cytokines that affect other cells’ activities

A

myeloid cells

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19
Q

myeloid cells in the peripheral blood

A

monocytes

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20
Q

myeloid cells in the tissue

A

macrophage

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21
Q

macrophages have these on their surface

A

major histocompatibility complex class II
complement receptors
antibody Fc receptors

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22
Q

granulocytes: 60-70% of WBCs in circulation; phagocytosis and contributes to inflammatory response

A

neutrophils

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23
Q

granulocytes: 1-3% of circulating wbcs; mediate IgE allergic response

A

eosinophils

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24
Q

granulocytes: 0-1% of circulating wbcs, has receptors for IgE and granules responsible for allergic reactions

A

basophils

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25
Q

20-40% of circulating wbcs

A

lymphocytes

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26
Q

20% of circulating lymphocytes
express surface molecules such as CD19 and CD20
mature in the bone marrow

A

b cells

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27
Q

b cells differentiate into:

A

plasma cells
memory b cells

28
Q

produce antibody

A

plasma cells

29
Q

80% of circulating lymphocytes
express surface molecules such as cd2 and cd3
lyse host cells infected with viruses and tumor cells and also produce lymphokines

A

t cells

30
Q

slightly larger than t or b cells and have cytoplasmic granules

A

nk cells

31
Q

present antigens to T cells

A

dendritic cells

32
Q

dendritic cells in the dermis and squamous epithelia

A

langerhans cells

33
Q

granulocyte resembling basophil that contains many chemicals that affect the immune response

A

mast cells

34
Q

soluble protein molecules secreted by one cell type that affect other cells turn on genes in target cells

A

cytokines

35
Q

antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication and activate NK cells
produced by virally-infected cells

A

interferon-alpha and -beta

36
Q

antiviral effects, activate macrophages and NK cells, stimulates b cells to produce antibodies
produced by TH1 cells

A

interferon-gamma

37
Q

produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, and NK cells when encountering bacteria, viruses, tumor cells, toxins, and complement protein C5a

A

tissue necrosis factor-alpha

38
Q

produced by cd4 and cd8 positive cells after exposure to a specific antigen

A

tnf-beta

39
Q

cytokine
cellular source: macrophages, b cells, fibroblasts
primary targets: t cells, b cells, macrophages, endothelium

A

IL-1

40
Q

cytokine
cellular source: t cells
primary targets: t cells

A

IL-2

41
Q

cytokine
cellular source: t cells
primary targets: stem cells

A

IL-3

42
Q

cytokine
cellular source: t cells
primary targets: b cells, t cells

A

IL-4

43
Q

cytokine
cellular source: t cells
primary targets: b cells

A

IL-5

44
Q

cytokine
cellular source: t cells, b cells, fibroblasts, macrophages
primary targets: b cells, hepatocytes

A

IL-6

45
Q

cytokine
cellular source: bone marrow, stromal cells
primary targets: pre-b cells, t cells

A

IL-7

46
Q

cytokine
cellular source: monocytes
primary targets: fibroblasts

A

IL-8

47
Q

cytokine
cellular source: t cells
primary targets: t cells, mast cells

A

IL-9

48
Q

cytokine
cellular source: t cells
primary targets: TH1 cells

A

IL-10

49
Q

cytokine
cellular source: macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes
primary targets: macrophages, granulocytes, tissue cells

A

TNF

50
Q

cytokine
cellular source: leukocytes, epithelia, fibroblasts
primary targets: tissue cells

A

INF-alpha

51
Q

cytokine
cellular source: fibroblasts, epithelia
primary targets: tissue cells, leukocytes

A

INF-beta

52
Q

cytokine
cellular source: T cells, NK cells, epithelia, fibroblasts
primary targets: leukocytes, tissue cells, TH2 cells

A

INF-gamma

53
Q

produced by macrophages, B cells, and other cell types
activates T helper cells, increase number of B cells, activates vascular endothelium, causes fever and acute phase protein synthesis and induces T cells to produce lymphokines

A

IL-1

54
Q

produced by T helper cells
causes proliferation of activated t and b cells

A

IL-2

55
Q

produced by activated T cells
causes increases in the number of mast cells in skin, spleen and liver

A

IL-3

56
Q

produced by activated T cells
induces proliferation of T cells and class switching from IgM to IgG1 and IgE

A

IL-4

57
Q

primary lymph tissues of adults

A

bone marrow and thymus

58
Q

secondary lymphoid organs: in the lymph nodes, ___ migrate to the cortex and ___ to the paracortex

A

b cells
t cells

59
Q

secondary lymphoid organs: in the lymph nodes: ____ there are many small b cells, and after stimulations becomes ____

A

primary follicle
secondary follicle

60
Q

secondary lymphoid organs: has small and large lymphocytes, blast cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

A

germinal center

61
Q

secondary lymphoid organs: contains plasma cells and large lymphocytes

A

medulla

62
Q

secondary lymphoid organs: filters blood, contains both t and b cells

A

spleen

63
Q

secondary lymphoid organs: found in submucosa in gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract, these surfaces interact with the environment and can begin the immune response early

A

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

64
Q

specialized MALT found in the lower ileum

A

Peyer’s patch

65
Q
A

MTLE (6 decks)

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