Immunology Refresh

Question 1

another name for HLA?

Answer 1

MHC

Question 2

what is MHC

Answer 2

a group of genes that code for antigen presenting proteins on cell surfaces

Question 3

what type of cells contain MHC class 1?

Answer 3

all cells

Question 4

what type of cells contain MHC class 2?

Answer 4

B cells

Question 5

what do MHC class 1 molecules do?

Answer 5

present ENDOgenous antigen to CD8 T cells

Question 6

what do MHC class 2 molecules do?

Answer 6

present EXOgenous antigen to TH1 CD4 T cells

Question 7

what type of T cell responds to MHC class 2 molecuels?

Answer 7

TH1 CD4 T cells

Question 8

T helper cells are what kind of T cell?

Answer 8

CD4+ T cells

Question 9

T killer cells are what kind of T cell?

Answer 9

CD8+ T cells

Question 10

main function of TH1 cells

Answer 10

activate macrophages by producing cytokines

Question 11

CD4 T cells activate in response to what MHC class?

Answer 11

class 2

Question 12

what do CD8 T cells do?

Answer 12

kill infected cells directly

protect against viruses and cancer

Question 13

CD8 T cells activate in response to what MHC class?

Answer 13

class 1

Question 14

keratinocytes secrete what immunological substance?

Answer 14

defensins

Question 15

what are defensins?

Answer 15

antimicrobial peptides in the skin

Question 16

what antibody is prevalent in the GI tract?

Answer 16

IgA

Question 17

main 2 types of phagocyte?

Answer 17

neutrophils

macrophages

Question 18

phagocytes are the involved in the control of what microbes?

Answer 18

bacteria

fungi

Question 19

first antibody made in response to an antigen?

Answer 19

IgM

Question 20

2nd antibody made in response to an antigen?

Answer 20

IgG

Question 21

what do antibodies do?

Answer 21

opsonise microbes for ingestion by phagocytes by attaching to them

Question 22

antibodies work effectively against what microbes?

Answer 22

bacteria

viruses

Question 23

what cells are infected by HIV?

Answer 23

CD4 T cells

Question 24

what conditions can cause hyposplenism?

Answer 24

sickle cell
cirrhosis
coeliac disease

Question 25

why are elderly people more prone to infections?

Answer 25

autoimmune disorders more common
cells slower to respond/destroy bacteria
less antibody/complement made

Question 26

anti-TNF has a strong association with what microbe?

Answer 26

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 27

what does raised urea/creatinine indicate?

Answer 27

renal hypoperfusion in an acute kidney injury

Question 28

cause of lactic acidosis in sepsis?

Answer 28

diffuse tissue hypoperfusion leads to hypoxia
start anaerobically respiring -> lactic acid
causes metabolic acidosis