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microbio 1st LE > Immunology part 1 (trans 1) > Flashcards

Immunology part 1 (trans 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the central lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus:
- histologic hallmark are hassal’s corpuscles
Bone marrow
- site of hematopoiesis shortly before birth

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2
Q

What are the peripheral lymphoid organs

A
  1. tonsils
  2. adenoids
    3 Lymph nodes
  3. Spleen
  4. Ileum
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3
Q

REMEMBER
Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells
Antigen-presenting cells: Dendritic cells, macrophagrs, follicular dendritic cells
Effector cells: T lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes

A

Lymphocytes: Specific recognition of antigens
Antigen-presenting cells: capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
Effector cells: Elimination of antigen

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4
Q 
FUNCTION
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes:
T lymphocytes:
Natural killer cells:
A

LYMPHOCYTES
B lymphocytes: Humoral immunity
T lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity
Natural killer cells: innate immunity

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5
Q 
FUNCTION
Antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic cells:
macrophages:
follicular dendritic cells:
A

Antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic cells: Initiation of T cell responses
macrophages: Initiation and effector phase of cell-mediated immunity
follicular dendritic cells: Display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses

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6
Q 
FUNCTION
Effector cells
T lymphocytes:
Macrophages and monocytes:
Granulocytes:
A

Effector cells
T lymphocytes: Helper T cells and cytolytic T lymphocytes
Macrophages and monocytes: cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils

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7
Q

Critical cells that engulf and kill pathogens, process and present antigen, and regulate immune reactivity by producing cytokines and chemokines; these are monocytes that have migrated into the tissues

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

leukocytes that contain densely staining granules

A

Granulocytes

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9
Q

Innate (nonspecific) immunity is responsible for the first and second line of defense:

A
  1. First line of defense - surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments
  2. Second line of defense
    - cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface (first line) defenses
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10
Q

First line of defense (innate immunity)
EYES:
- Washing by tears and Lysozymes
RESPIRATORY TRACT:
- Mucus, Ciliated epith, Antibody and Phagocytosis
DIGESTIVE TRACT:
- Stocmach acidity, normal flora, alkaline pH in intestine, mechanical flushing, enzymes and bacteriocins
SKIN:
- Anatomical barrier, antimicrobial secretions, low pH and commensal microbes
GENITOURINARY TRACT:
- Flushing action of urine, acidity of urine, lysozyme and vaginal lactid acid

A

Second line of defense (innate immunity)
Inflammatory response - a protective response which aims to digest, dilute or wall off the offending agent so it will not spread
1. interferons - against virally infected cells and tumors
2. Phagocytosis
3. Complement system

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11
Q

Adaptive immunity (third line of defense)
- long term immunity with memory
- includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized white blood cells:
1. B-cells: humoral
2. T-cells: cell mediated
3 accessory cells
4. cytokines

A 
NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
1. active - the host plays a role in the manufacturing of antibodies
2. passive - maternal antibodies
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
1. active - live attenuated vaccines
2. passive - preformed antibodies
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12
Q 
Differences in terms of TYPE OF CELLS
INNATE IMMUNITY
- greater diversity than adaptive immunity
- epith barrier
- phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)
- complement
- natural killer cells
A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  1. B lymphocytes/B-cells (Humoral Immunity) - produce plasma cells that has eccentrically located nuclei with small, dark, and round nucleus; produces the antibodies
  2. T lymphocytes/T-cells (Cellular-mediated Immunity) - have effector T-cells few days after infection and mediates cellular immunity; derived from the thymus
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13
Q

Differences in terms of SPECIFICITY and RECEPTORS
INNATE IMMUNITY
specificity: for structures shared by classes of microbes (molecular patterns)
receptors: encoded in germline; limited diversity
distribution: non-clonal - identical receptors on all cells of the same lineage
Discrimination of self and non-self: yes

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
specificity: for structural detail of microbial molecules (antigens)
receptors: greater diversity; encoded by genes produced by somatic recombination of gene segments
distribution: Clonal - clones of lymphocytes with distinct specificities express different receptors
Discrimination of self and non-self: yes’ imperfect

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of cytokines?

A

1 Interferons (glycoproteins that has virus-nonspecific antiviral activity)

  1. Tumor Necrosis Factor
    - Produced mainly by macrophages
    - Mediator of host response to gram-negative bacteria
  2. Interleukins (Means of communication between leukocytes)
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15
Q

3 groups of interferons (IFN)

A
  1. alpha-IFN: aka leukocyte IFN
  2. beta-IFN: aka epith IFN, fibroblast IFN, fibroepithelial IFN, B-cell stimulating Factor 2
  3. Gamma IFN: produced by immunologically stimulated lymphocytes, primarily T lymphocytes; aka Immune IFN; a lymphokine
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16
Q

Types of interleukins

A

IL-1 (Lymphocyte-Activating Factor)
IL-2 (T-cell growth factor): Activates cytotoxic cells, NK cells, LAK cells
IL-3 (Multi-colony Stimulating Factor): Stimulates hematopoietic cells
IL-4: stimulate proliferation of B-cells
IL-5 (B-cell Growth Factor 2): Shares functions with IL-4
IL-6 (IFN beta 2): Induces secretion of Ig and other plasma proteins
IL-7 (Lymphopoietin 1): Stimulates maturation of early B and T-cells
IL-8 (Monocyte-derived Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor): Principal inflammatory cytokine
IL-9: stimulates proliferation of T-cell and Mast cells
IL-10: inhibits cytokine synthesis
IL-11: regulates hematopoiesis
IL-12 (NK Cell Stimulating Factor): Enhances activity of cytotoxic effector T-cells

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17
Q

Tumor necrosis factor
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A 
Tumor necrosis factor
Principal cell source: Macrophages, T cells 
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects: 
Endothelial cells - activation
Neutrophils - activation
Hypothalamus - fever
Liver - acute phase proteins
Muscle, fat - catabolism (cachexia)
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18
Q

IL-1
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

IL-1
Principal cell source: Macrophages, endothelial cells
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:
Endothelial cells - activation
hypothalamus - fever
liver - acute phase proteins

19
Q

Chemokines
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

Chemokines
Principal cell source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells, fibroblasts, platelets
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:
leukocytes - chemotaxis, activation

20
Q

IL-12
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

IL-12
Principal cell source: macrophages, dendritic cells
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:
NK cells and T cells - IFN-y synthesis, increased cytolytic activity
- T cells - TH1 differentiation

21
Q

IFN-y
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

IFN-y
Principal cell source: NK cells, T lymphocytes
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects: activation of macrophages, stimulation of some antibody response

22
Q

Type I IFNs (IFN-a, IFN-b)
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

Type I IFNs (IFN-a, IFN-b)
Principal cell source: IFN-a - macrophages; IFN-b - fibroblasts
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects: increased class I MHC expression, NK cells activation

23
Q

IL-10
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

IL-10
Principal cell source: macrophages, T cells (mainly TH2)
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:
macrophages - inhibition of IL-12 production, reduced expression of costimulators and class II MHC molecules

24
Q

IL-6
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

IL-6
Principal cell source: macrophages, macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:
liver - acute phase proteins
B cells - proliferation of antibody producing cells

25
Q

IL-15
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

IL-15
Principal cell source: macrophages
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects: nk and T cells proliferation

26
Q

IL-18
Principal cell source:
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:

A

IL-18
Principal cell source: macrophages
Principal cellular targets and biologic effects:
NK and T cells: IFN-y synthesis

27
Q

a substance that can provoke the production of an antibody

A

antigen

28
Q

TYPES of ANTIGEN

A
  1. Autologous or autoAg - triggers auto-antibodies
  2. Homologous - antigen used in antibody production
  3. Heterologous - different antigen from that used in the immunization
  4. Heterophil/Heterogenetic - antigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals producing cross reaction
29
Q

Bind to MHC molecules outside the peptide-binding cleft that cause great amount of T-cells to be nonspecifically activated leading to release of large amounts of cytokines.

A

Superantigens

**compared to normal antigens that bind inside the cleft and cause activation of less amount of T-cells

30
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

  • In humans, located in the short arm (p) of chromosome 6
  • bind peptide antigens and present them to T-cells (T-cell receptors only recognize antigens presented by the MHC molecules on another cell, the antigen presenting cell)
A

MHC class I
- composed of alpha 1, 2 and 3 subunit and beta 2 micro globulin subunit
- Peptide antigens associated with class I MHC molecules are recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes
MHC class II
- alpha 1 and 2, and beta 1 and 2 subunit
- recognized by CD4+ helper T-cells

31
Q 
REMEMBER
Among the many important genes in the human MHC, also known as HLA (or Human Leukocyte Antigens), are those that encode the class I, II, and III MHC proteins
A

clinical correlation
People with HLA B27 - 90% found associated with AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING Ankylosing Spondylitis which is a disease affecting the sacroiliac joint.

32
Q

REMEMBER
Cell-mediated immunity
- Important in toxin-induced disorders, microbial infections and viral infections
- Each class of T-cells produces cytokines, becomes activated, and expands by clonal proliferation

A

T-cells can differentiate into effector cells:

  1. CD4+ Effector Cells
  2. CD8+ Effector Cells
33
Q

CD4+ Effector Cells

  • Th1 cells (stimulate phagocyte mediated defense against infections, especially with intracellular microbes)
  • Th2 cells (stimulate IgE and eosinophil/masT-cell-mediated immune reactions; downregulates Th1 response)
  • Th17 cells (chemokine responsible for recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages)
  • Regulatory (Treg) cells/T-suppressor cells (suppress T-cell responses to prevent overactivity that may develop autoimmunity)
  • TDH (T-delayed hypersensitivity)
A

CD8+ Effector Cells

- T Cytotoxic/killer cells (destruction of cells in tissue grafts, tumor cells, or cells infected by viruses)

34
Q 
REMEMBER
Humoral Immunity (B-cell)
- Helper (CD4+) T lymphocytes recognize the pathogen's antigens complexed with class II MHC molecules on the surface of an APC (eg, macrophage, B-cell) and produce cytokines that activate B-cells expressing antibodies that specifically match the antigen
- The B-cells undergo clonal proliferation and differentiate into plasma cells, which then produce specific immunoglobulins (antibodies).
A

ANTIBODY

  • Immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells
  • Can be separated using electrophoresis
  • Nomenclature depends on the heavy chain
35
Q

Domains of Immunoglobulin:

  1. Variable region - responsible for specificity; the antigen binding site
  2. CH2 (Constant heavy chain 2) - binds complement, specifically C1q, and initiates complement pathway
  3. CH3 (Constant heavy chain 3) - responsible for cytotropic reactions involving macrophages and monocytes, mast cells, cytotoxic killer cells and B-cells
  4. CL (Constant light chain) - responsible for the light chain type; either kappa or lambda
A

Classification of Antibody

  1. Isotype – variants in normal persons (ex IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4)
  2. Allotype – genetically controlled alternate forms, not in all persons
  3. Idiotype – variable regions
36
Q

ANTIBODY RESPONSE
Primary:
- an individual encounters an antigen for the first time
- antibody produced against that antigen will be detectable in serum within days or weeks
- serum antibody concentration continues to rise for several weeks and then declines
- first antibodies formed are IgM, followed by IgG, IgA or both (IgM levels then decline sooner than IgG levels)

A

Secondary:

  • shorter lag phase, longer plateau, more gradual decline
  • . second encounter with the same antigen or a closely related “cross-reacting” antigen months or years after the primary response
  • produce qualitatively similar IgM; much more IgG is produced; persists longer than the primary response
  • antibody produced tends to bind antigen more firmly, have higher affinity and dissociate less easily
37
Q

IgG
Activate complement:
Other name:
Features:

A 
IgG
Activate complement: Yes, except IgG4
Other name: Serum Ig; Monomer
Features: 
- Can cross the placenta excpt IgG2
- Major Ig in secondary immune response
- Anamnestic response (never forgetting)
- Longer half life than the rest
38
Q

IgA
Activate complement:
Other name:
Features:

A

IgA
Activate complement: Alternative pathway only
Other name: Secretory Ig; Dimer
Features:
- Predominant Ig in secretion; with 2 types (serum IgA and secretory IgA - more active, found in mucous membrane)
- with J chain
- exist as a monomer in serum and dimer in secretion

39
Q

IgM
Activate complement:
Other name:
Features:

A

IgM
Activate complement: yes, most efficient
Other name: pentameric Ig
Features:
- predominant Ig in primary immune response
- Has J chain
- first to be produced in life and last to disappear in senesence

40
Q

IgD
Activate complement:
Other name:
Features:

A 
IgD
Activate complement: no
Other name: - 
Features: 
- involved in B cell activation
- susceptible to enzyme degradation
- heat and acid labile
41
Q

IgE
Activate complement:
Other name:
Features:

A 
IgE
Activate complement: no
Other name: reagenic Ig
Features:
- Asso. w/ immediate hypersensitivity
- Binds basophils and mast cells
- Elevated during parasitic infections
42
Q

In chediak-higashi, there is a defect in?

A

intracellular killing.

43
Q

Coating of an antigen by a substance that facilitates uptake of a foreign particle is?

A

opsonization

44
Q

To become active, a hapten must combine with?

A

carrier

microbio 1st LE (13 decks)

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