Immunology Module 2A Flashcards
what are cytokines?
chemical messengers
what is chemotaxis?
movement of wbcs to area of inflammation in response to release of chemical mediators
what is opsonization?
process of tagging foreign pathogens for elimination of phagocytes
what are interferons?
released in response to a virus and inhibit growth of virus
what are interleukins?
these are lymphokines that enable the immune system to communicate and stimulate proinflammatory chemicals that initiates the immune response
what is an antigen?
anything that is foreign–bacteria or viruses
what is an antibody?
proteins that bind to antigens and mobilize to destroy them
what is antibody mediated immunity?
humoral immunity
antibodies are responsible for protection against bacteria/viruses
what is cellular immunity?
the protective immune response involves activation of phagocytes, antigen-sensitized cytotoxic t-cells, and the release of cytokines and chemokines in response to antigen.
describe active acquired immunity
this is produced by an individual after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization
describe passive acquired immunity
when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his/her immune system
immunoglobulin infusion or mother-infant through placenta
where are IgA located or found?
in saliva, eyes, nose, GI tract
where is IgM?
largest of the immunoglobulins
first antibody produced during primary immune response
what immunoglobulin passes through the placenta?
IgG
what immunoglobulin is associated with an immune response?
IgE
why are IgG levels elevated in autoimmune diseases?
individuals usually produce too many IgGs that can form antibody complexes with host cells and stimulate destruction of the host’s cells
what are anti-IgG levels?
this indicates the immune system is making antibodies to self proteins
What does the erythrocyte sedimentation rate measure?
measures the amount of settling of RBCs over 1 hour. Often first indicator of an acute inflammatory process or chronic inflammatory disease
what is first line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
sulfasalazine (azulfidine)-sulfa abx
what is the mechanism of action for sulfasalazine?
reduces inflammation by decreasing production of arachidonic acid metabolites
a woman of childbearing age who presents with a rash, fever, and joint aches should raise suspicion for what?
systemic lupus eruthematous
in rheumatoid arthritis, the patient has joint pain where?
joint pain on both sides
what are the symptoms of SLE?
malar rash-butterfly rash
discoid rash
photosensitivity
oral ulcers
arthritis-symmetrically
ana can be positive or negative
what symptoms are apart of an SLE flare?
increased fatigue
pain
rash
fever low grade (can occur at night)
what is the mechanism of action of plaquenil?
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
fibromyalgia is most common among women aged?
20-50
what is the criteria needed for fibromyalgia diagnosis?
how long do symptoms have to last?
fatigue
waking unrefreshed
cognitive (memory or thought) problems
multiple painful areas on the body
3 months
what are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
fatigue
anorexia
weight gain/loss
joint pain-on both sides
low grade fever
eye pain
chest pain when taking a deep breath
pain is present upon awakening, doesn’t improve
what is juvenile idiopathic arthritis? (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis)
it is a diverse spectrum of chronic arthritides, it involves more than 1 joint for more than 6 weeks in a patient that is younger than 16 yrs old.
what are symptoms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
evanescent erythematous rash-with joint aches
generalized lymphadenopathy
hepato or splenatomegaly-or both
serositis
warmth and redness in joints
fatigue
decreased appetite, poor weight gain
swollen, stiff and painful joints
where is IgA found?
it is an antibody that is found in mucous membranes of respiratory and digestive tracts
what is IgA vasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura?
it is an autoimmune-mediated small vessel vasculitis characterized by nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura with variable skin, joint, gastrointestinal and renal manifestations. most common in childhood
what should you evaluate if a patient presents with severe, colicky abdominal pain and vomiting in children?
evaluate for intussusception with ultrasound
what is the classic triad of symptoms of IgA idiopathic vasculitis?
purpura, arthralgia, and abdominal pain
what kind of rash is present in IgA idiopathic vasculitis?
Palpable purpura and/or petechiae
