Immunology introduction

Question 1

Natural Immunity

Answer 1

responds quickly to the non-specific pathogen

Question 2

Immune system

Answer 2

Recognizes something as foreign, and disposes the foreign material.

Question 3

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 3

Is specific when choosing to respond to pathogens, it discriminates, and has memory.

Question 4

Innate immune system

Answer 4

is the first line of defense barriers: skin, gastrointestinal tract, secretions.

Question 5

Humoral Components

Answer 5

Cellular components: (phagocytic cells) Molecular components

Question 6

Granulocytes, Monocytes/macrophages, Natural killer cells, Mast cells, Dendritic cells, Lymphokine-activated killer cells

Answer 6

Are cellular components.

Question 7

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), Complement, Cytokines (interferons, interleukins), Lysozyme, Acute phase proteins (CRP, Alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha-2 macroglobin, ESR)

Answer 7

Are molecular components of the Humoral immune system.

Question 8

CD markers

Answer 8

Allow for cell differentiation

Question 9

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Answer 9

Target Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and primarily recognize as their role

Ex: Toll-like receptors

Question 10

Cytokines

Answer 10

Target Immune Cells, and enhance or decrease immune response.

Ex: Interleukins, Interferons.

Question 11

Antimicrobial Peptides

Answer 11

Target bacterial cell walls, and protect at epithelial cell surface.

Ex: Defensins, Cathelicidins.

Question 12

Acute Phase Proteins

Answer 12

Are produced in response to infection. Some Activate complement, increase during inflammation.

Ex: CRP, Haptoglobin, Fibrinogen, amyloid A, Alpha-1 acidglycoprotein.

Question 13

Complement

Answer 13

3 pathways: Surfaces (of bacteria, fungi, viruses, tumor cells), Mannose, Antibody bound to antigen. Function by targeting cell lysis, improving phagocytosis, increase vascular permeability.

Ex: Alternative Lectin or classical pathways.

Question 14

CRP

Answer 14

Is an acute phase protein that activates the complement, is an opsonin, and enhances cell-mediated cytotoxic effects on pathogen.

Question 15

Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein

Answer 15

Binds drugs and hormones and inhibits their function.

Question 16

Haptoglobin

Answer 16

Clears free hemoglobin

Question 17

Serum amyloid A

Answer 17

Binds cholesterol for clearance, Recruits enzymes to digest the extracellular matrix, and is chemotactic.

Question 18

Attraction of chemotactic factors allows migration of ________ and then ________to the area.

Answer 18

• First neutrophils (30-60 min)
• Macrophages (16-18 hrs)

Question 19

___, ___, and _____ Leave blood vessel by process called diapedisis

Answer 19

Monocytes, Macrophages, and Neutrophils.

Question 20

Diapedesis (inflammation)

Answer 20

Is the process by which leukocytes pass through capillary wall to reach infected tissue. Which will then promote or inhibit a inflammatory response, thus producing lactic acid (pain)

Question 21

Acquired Immune System

Answer 21

Is the third line of defense that is specific, has large scope, can discriminate, and has memory

Cells: T-cells (mature in thymus), B-cells (mature in bone marrow)

Two components: Humoral (antibodies), Cellular (T-cell receptor)

Question 22

5 types of antibody molecules

Answer 22

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

Question 23

B-cells characterized by

Answer 23

surface immunoglobulins and CD19, CD20, and CD21

Question 24

Immunoglobulins

Answer 24

Antibody

Question 25

T-cells

Answer 25

are a type of cell medication that bind to TCR and presented by APC in MHC 1 or MCH 2 molecule, and have CD3 on their surface.

Question 26

Th cells (T-helper)

Answer 26

cytokines to upregulate response (CD 4+)

Question 27

Tc cells (Cytotoxic T-cell)

Answer 27

Direct killing of cell bearing antigen (CD 8+)

Question 28

Tr cells (Regulatory T-cell)

Answer 28

Cytokines to downregulate response (CD 4+). (Foxp3+) and (CD8+)

Question 29

Active Acquired Immunity

Answer 29

Is when a body is exposed to antigen through infection or a vaccine and would require active participation by host immune system. It is very effective and long lasting. Takes 5-14 days, and can can be prohylactic in nature.

Question 30

Passive Acquired immunity

Answer 30

Is the transfer of immune products like antibodies, or sensitized lymphs and lymphokines from immune system. The host immune system would not do anything, in turn making it fast acting but not long term.

Question 31

Acquired immunity can be either _____ or _____

Answer 31

Natural (antibodies), Artificial (immunizations, gamma globulin)

Question 32

Deficiency of proteins

Answer 32

can have a negative effect on T-cell system

Question 33

Deficiency of Carbohydrates

Answer 33

Can result in impaired phagocytosis

Question 34

Deficiency of lipids

Answer 34

can result in high trans fat that promotes cancer

Question 35

Deficiency of Vitamins (Vit B12 and folic acid)

Answer 35

can result in ummunomodulators for cellular immunity

Question 36

Excess of nutrients (Cadmium, lead, iodine)

Answer 36

Could affect cellular, Humoral and cytokine production, and toxicity due to oxidative stress.

Question 37

Hormones could effect the immune system by

Answer 37

Hypoadrenal and hypothyroid state decreases resistance, and excess steroids increase risk of infection.

Question 38

Stress/Depression

Answer 38

Could depress immune system and allow tumor cells to proliferate.

Question 39

Bone Marrow

Answer 39

is the major site of hematopoiesis after birth (during gestation-fetal liver and spleen)

Place of differentiation of B cells and NK cells. The B cells are self-reactive and are deleted in the bone marrow by apoptosis.

Question 40

Thymus

Answer 40

A primary lymphoid organ, where T-cells mature. It is at its largest size at puberty and shrinks in adulthood and is mostly composed of fat and fibrous tissue.

Question 41

The significant function of the thymus

Answer 41

is the lymphoid progenitor cells from bone marrow enter thymus cortex to become: immature thymocytes (CD3-, CD4-, and CD8).

Question 42

Lymph Nodes

Answer 42

Are located in areas where lymphatic vessels meet. The B and T cells are in different areas, the antigen is the brought by phagocytic cells resulting in B and/or T cell proliferation.

Question 43

Spleen

Answer 43

is a secondary lymphatic organ that increases in size with infection, by capturing the antigen from blood stream. Thus being a meeting area for lymphocytes in the blood to meet antigens.