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Elle Flashcards - Immunology > IMMUNOLOGY Immune System > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

process of being protected against foreign antigens

A

immunity

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2
Q

aka immunoglobins, these are specific glycoproteins found in serum or plasma produced by B-lymphs when body detects harmful substances called antigens

A

antibodies

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3
Q

aka immunogens, these large molecules found on surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, pollen, chemicals, foreign particles causing body to produce antibodies against it; can be formed in the body with bacterial toxins or tissue cells

A

antigens

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4
Q

portions or fragments of an antigen that REACT with antibodies and lymph receptors

A

epitope

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5
Q

very small molecules that can bind to a larger carrier molecule and behave as an antigen

A

hapten

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6
Q

molecule that when coupled with a hapten, renders the hapten immunogenic

A

carrier

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7
Q

main function is to recognize microbes as being either self or nonself

A

immune system

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8
Q

3 functions of immune system

A

defense
homeostasis
surveillance

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9
Q

3 types of immune response

A

first line of defense
natural (innate) immunity
acquired (adaptive) immunity

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10
Q

defense mechanism that body uses immediately after exposure to a microbe; it is non-specific and nonadaptive

A

natural immunity

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11
Q

components include phagocytic cells along with mast cells, neutrophil and macrophages

A

cellular component

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12
Q

components include complement proteins, lysozymes, interferons

A

humoral components

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13
Q

proteins that produce inflammatory effects and destroy cells when activated

A

complement proteins

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14
Q

enzyme secreted by macrophages that attack cell walls of some bacteria

A

lysozymes

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15
Q

proteins produced by many cells in response to viral infections to BLOCK replication of virus in other cells

A

interferons

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16
Q

immunity that becomes operational when natural immunity is overwhelmed; it is antigen-specific

A

adaptive immunity (acquired)

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17
Q

results in production of antibodies to combat non-self antigens

A

humoral response

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18
Q

involves activation of specific lymphocytic cells to combat non-self antigens

A

cell-mediated reponse

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19
Q

intitial response for removal of microbes; innate or immunity we are born with; nonantigen specific; nonadaptive; includes mast cells, neutros, macrophages; humoral components include complement proteins, lysozymes and interferons

A

natural immunity

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20
Q

secondary defense mechanism; acquired thru life; antigen specific; adaptive; cellular components include antigen presenting cells, macrophages, T-lymphs, B-lymphs; humoral components include antibodies, cytokines

A

adaptive immunity

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21
Q

includes bone marrow where T-lymphs and B-lymphs are produced and the thymus found near trachea where stem cells develop into T-cells

A

primary lymphoid organs

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22
Q

include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), lymph nodes, and spleen

A

secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

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23
Q

composed of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue and provide 1st line of defense against orally ingested pathogens

A

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

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24
Q

bundles of tissue found throughout human body filled with lymphocyte cells that act as filters by removing microorganisms from circulation; part of secondary organs

A

lymph nodes

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25
Q

largest of the secondary organs that acts as a filter by trapping and removing foreign materials out the the blood and removes old/damaged RBCs

A

spleen

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26
Q

soluble proteins secreted by cells and are chemical mediators that transmit messages between cells to regulate growth and function

A

cytokines

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27
Q

principle leukocyte associated with phagocytosis performed inside body’s peripheral tissue and breaks down ingested material and kills microorganisms

A

neutrophils

28
Q

include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages

A

granulocytes

29
Q

accumulate at inflammatory sites and release histamines, which cause allergic responses; activated by IgE antibody

A

basophils

30
Q

invade microorganisms including certain parasites and also control allergic reactions by emitting histaminase

A

eosinophils

31
Q

tissue cells that play major role in hypersensitivity reactions

A

mast cells

32
Q

monocytes, which are found in blood, become ________________ when they enter the tissue and serve to ingest antigens and are antigen-producing cells (APC).

A

macrophages

33
Q

primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity and represent 60-80% of circulating lymphocytes

A

T-lymphs

34
Q

T-lymphs that attack and lyse cells infected with viruses, tumor cells, bacteria and cells that are damaged or otherwise dysfunctional

A

cytotoxic T-cells

35
Q

T-lymphs that enhance and promote action of other immune cells by secreting cytokines that active macrophages, assist B-cells in antibody production and activate suppressor cells; other names include T4 and CD4

A

helper/inducer T-cells

36
Q

T-cells that inhibit the activities of B-cells and T-cells in order to keep immune response from going out of control

A

suppressor T-cells

37
Q

cells that lyse virally infected cells, malignant cells, and antibody-antigen complexes without prior antigenic stimulation

A

natural killer cells

38
Q

cells responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production) and are referred to as plasma cells when activated and producing antibodies.

A

B-lymphocytes

39
Q

key component of adaptive immunity, these are a group of functionally defined cells capable of taking up antigens and presenting them to lymphs; bound by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

A

APC (antigen-producing cells)

40
Q

primary function of immunoglobins

A

neutralization

41
Q

term used to describe process when phagocytes are coated by antibodies which allow phagocytic cells to recognize, ingest and destroy bacteria

A

opsonization

42
Q

refers to the formation of pores on the surface of bacteria or the coating of antigens making them recognizable to phagocytic cells

A

complement

43
Q

highly specific antibodies that react ONLY with the antigen that caused their production

A

monoclonal antibodies

44
Q

versitile antibodies that react with antigen that caused their production as well as other antigens that have similar physical structure to the original antigen

A

heterophile antibodies

45
Q

testing methods for antibodies

A

serum electrophoresis
Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE)
Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)

46
Q

includes 2 large (heavy) chains, 2 smaller (light) chains held together by noncovalent forces and disulfide interchain bridges forming a Y shape

A

primary structure

47
Q

immmunoglobins can be cleaved into 2 or more fragments by enzymes _______ and _______.

A

papain, pepsin

48
Q

upper portion of the Y shape capable of antigen binding; contain two sites per antibody consisting of the light chain and the upper part of the heavy chain

A

FAB site (Fragment Antigen Binding)

49
Q

lower stem portion of the Y shape consisting of the bottom part of both heavy chains containing only one binding site per antibody; can bind to receptors found on certain immune system cells

A

FC site (Fragment Crystalline)

50
Q

located in the upper portion of each FAB site and is an area whichs binds to the antigen; fives antibody its unique specificity to bind to specific antigen; light and heavy chains have only one of these regions

A

variable domain

51
Q

composed of the entire FC site as well as the bottom part of each FAB site; ACTIVATES COMPLEMENT CASCADE; light chains have one of these regions; heavy chains have one or more of these regions

A

constant domain

52
Q

center portion of the antibody that allows antibody to e flexible and attach to antigen; area where antibody may be broken apart

A

hinge region

53
Q

each specific antibody is determined by the composition of the _________ chain.

A

heavy

54
Q

most involved immunoglobin normally produced in response to antigens of human origin; often seen in secondary response; function includes immunity to newborns; can cross placenta; neutralize toxins; help fight infection; major immunoglobin in normal serum and accounts for 70-75% of total immunoglobin pool

A

IgG

55
Q

largest antibody and first involved in primary immune response; function is to act as antigenic receptor site on surface of immature B-lymph; neutralize toxins; contains 10 binding sites for antibody agglutination; contains 5 FC regions and is most effective antibody for activating complement; accounts for 10% of immunoglobin pool

A

IgM

56
Q

known as the secretor antibody; found mainly in body secretions, such as urine, tears, saliva; found in ephithelial cells of respiratory and reproductive tracts; functions to protect against bacteria and viruses trying to enter thru epithelial tissue; accounts for @ 15-20% of immunoglobin pool

A

IgA

57
Q

when found on surface of B-lymph, may act as receptor for antigens; found in only small amounts (<1% of immunoglobulin pool)

A

IgD

58
Q

major antibody seen in allergic reactions and parasitic infections; mediates release of in histamines and heparin from baso and mast cells; antibody with lowest concentration in serum and with shortest half-life

A

IgE

59
Q

permanent resistance antibody that results from PRODUCTION of antibodies against foreign antigens; duration is long and is acquired thru either active natural or active artificial means

A

active immunity

60
Q

immunity that results from TRANSFER of antibodies from one individual to another offering temporary protection; duration is short and is acquired thru passive natural or passive artificial means

A

passive immunity

61
Q

type of immune response involving immune cells (T-lymphs, NK cells, cytokines) rather than antibodies; AKA delayed time hypersensitivity (DTH) or Type IV hypersensitivity

A

cell-mediated immunity

62
Q

contact sensitivity seen in poison ivy reactions, delayed sensitivity seen in contact dermatitis, immunity to viral and fungal antigens and rejection of foreign tissue grafts are purposes of ___________________.

A

cell-mediated immunity

63
Q

become activated in response to lymphokines (cytokines), attach to antigen-antibody(-complement) complexes, present processed antigens to T-lymphs are all functions of ____________________________.

A

cell-mediated immunity

64
Q

component of cell-mediated immunity, where T-lymphs do not recognize antigens but recognition takes place when the antigen is present on the surface of an APC, the ____________________.

A

macrophage

65
Q

component of cell-mediated immunity: these cells recognize and destroy/lyse body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigens on their surface to include: virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells displaying tumor antigens, transplanted cells

A

cytotoxic T-lymphs

66
Q

component of cell-mediated immunity that recognize, attach to, and destroy intracellular pathogens

A

natural killer cells

67
Q

type of immunity involving the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen resulting from the formation & release of antibodies into the blood streams; mediated by B-lymphs; primary function is defense against bacterial infection

A

humoral immunity

Elle Flashcards - Immunology (4 decks)

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