IMMUNOLOGY Immune System Flashcards by Rochelle Lasac

process of being protected against foreign antigens

immunity

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aka immunoglobins, these are specific glycoproteins found in serum or plasma produced by B-lymphs when body detects harmful substances called antigens

antibodies

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aka immunogens, these large molecules found on surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, pollen, chemicals, foreign particles causing body to produce antibodies against it; can be formed in the body with bacterial toxins or tissue cells

antigens

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portions or fragments of an antigen that REACT with antibodies and lymph receptors

epitope

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very small molecules that can bind to a larger carrier molecule and behave as an antigen

hapten

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molecule that when coupled with a hapten, renders the hapten immunogenic

carrier

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main function is to recognize microbes as being either self or nonself

immune system

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3 functions of immune system

defense
homeostasis
surveillance

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3 types of immune response

first line of defense
natural (innate) immunity
acquired (adaptive) immunity

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defense mechanism that body uses immediately after exposure to a microbe; it is non-specific and nonadaptive

natural immunity

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components include phagocytic cells along with mast cells, neutrophil and macrophages

cellular component

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components include complement proteins, lysozymes, interferons

humoral components

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proteins that produce inflammatory effects and destroy cells when activated

complement proteins

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enzyme secreted by macrophages that attack cell walls of some bacteria

lysozymes

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proteins produced by many cells in response to viral infections to BLOCK replication of virus in other cells

interferons

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immunity that becomes operational when natural immunity is overwhelmed; it is antigen-specific

adaptive immunity (acquired)

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results in production of antibodies to combat non-self antigens

humoral response

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involves activation of specific lymphocytic cells to combat non-self antigens

cell-mediated reponse

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intitial response for removal of microbes; innate or immunity we are born with; nonantigen specific; nonadaptive; includes mast cells, neutros, macrophages; humoral components include complement proteins, lysozymes and interferons

natural immunity

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secondary defense mechanism; acquired thru life; antigen specific; adaptive; cellular components include antigen presenting cells, macrophages, T-lymphs, B-lymphs; humoral components include antibodies, cytokines

adaptive immunity

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includes bone marrow where T-lymphs and B-lymphs are produced and the thymus found near trachea where stem cells develop into T-cells

primary lymphoid organs

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include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), lymph nodes, and spleen

secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

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composed of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue and provide 1st line of defense against orally ingested pathogens

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

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bundles of tissue found throughout human body filled with lymphocyte cells that act as filters by removing microorganisms from circulation; part of secondary organs

lymph nodes

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largest of the secondary organs that acts as a filter by trapping and removing foreign materials out the the blood and removes old/damaged RBCs

spleen

soluble proteins secreted by cells and are chemical mediators that transmit messages between cells to regulate growth and function

cytokines

principle leukocyte associated with phagocytosis performed inside body's peripheral tissue and breaks down ingested material and kills microorganisms

neutrophils

include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages

granulocytes

accumulate at inflammatory sites and release histamines, which cause allergic responses; activated by IgE antibody

basophils

invade microorganisms including certain parasites and also control allergic reactions by emitting histaminase

eosinophils

tissue cells that play major role in hypersensitivity reactions

mast cells

monocytes, which are found in blood, become ________________ when they enter the tissue and serve to ingest antigens and are antigen-producing cells (APC).

macrophages

primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity and represent 60-80% of circulating lymphocytes

T-lymphs

T-lymphs that attack and lyse cells infected with viruses, tumor cells, bacteria and cells that are damaged or otherwise dysfunctional

cytotoxic T-cells

T-lymphs that enhance and promote action of other immune cells by secreting cytokines that active macrophages, assist B-cells in antibody production and activate suppressor cells; other names include T4 and CD4

helper/inducer T-cells

T-cells that inhibit the activities of B-cells and T-cells in order to keep immune response from going out of control

suppressor T-cells

cells that lyse virally infected cells, malignant cells, and antibody-antigen complexes without prior antigenic stimulation

natural killer cells

cells responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production) and are referred to as plasma cells when activated and producing antibodies.

B-lymphocytes

key component of adaptive immunity, these are a group of functionally defined cells capable of taking up antigens and presenting them to lymphs; bound by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

APC (antigen-producing cells)

primary function of immunoglobins

neutralization

term used to describe process when phagocytes are coated by antibodies which allow phagocytic cells to recognize, ingest and destroy bacteria

opsonization

refers to the formation of pores on the surface of bacteria or the coating of antigens making them recognizable to phagocytic cells

complement

highly specific antibodies that react ONLY with the antigen that caused their production

monoclonal antibodies

versitile antibodies that react with antigen that caused their production as well as other antigens that have similar physical structure to the original antigen

heterophile antibodies

testing methods for antibodies

serum electrophoresis Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)

includes 2 large (heavy) chains, 2 smaller (light) chains held together by noncovalent forces and disulfide interchain bridges forming a Y shape

primary structure

immmunoglobins can be cleaved into 2 or more fragments by enzymes _______ and _______.

papain, pepsin

upper portion of the Y shape capable of antigen binding; contain two sites per antibody consisting of the light chain and the upper part of the heavy chain

FAB site (Fragment Antigen Binding)

lower stem portion of the Y shape consisting of the bottom part of both heavy chains containing only one binding site per antibody; can bind to receptors found on certain immune system cells

FC site (Fragment Crystalline)

located in the upper portion of each FAB site and is an area whichs binds to the antigen; fives antibody its unique specificity to bind to specific antigen; light and heavy chains have only one of these regions

variable domain

composed of the entire FC site as well as the bottom part of each FAB site; ACTIVATES COMPLEMENT CASCADE; light chains have one of these regions; heavy chains have one or more of these regions

constant domain

center portion of the antibody that allows antibody to e flexible and attach to antigen; area where antibody may be broken apart

hinge region

each specific antibody is determined by the composition of the _________ chain.

heavy

most involved immunoglobin normally produced in response to antigens of human origin; often seen in secondary response; function includes immunity to newborns; can cross placenta; neutralize toxins; help fight infection; major immunoglobin in normal serum and accounts for 70-75% of total immunoglobin pool

IgG

largest antibody and first involved in primary immune response; function is to act as antigenic receptor site on surface of immature B-lymph; neutralize toxins; contains 10 binding sites for antibody agglutination; contains 5 FC regions and is most effective antibody for activating complement; accounts for 10% of immunoglobin pool

IgM

known as the secretor antibody; found mainly in body secretions, such as urine, tears, saliva; found in ephithelial cells of respiratory and reproductive tracts; functions to protect against bacteria and viruses trying to enter thru epithelial tissue; accounts for @ 15-20% of immunoglobin pool

IgA

when found on surface of B-lymph, may act as receptor for antigens; found in only small amounts (<1% of immunoglobulin pool)

IgD

major antibody seen in allergic reactions and parasitic infections; mediates release of in histamines and heparin from baso and mast cells; antibody with lowest concentration in serum and with shortest half-life

IgE

permanent resistance antibody that results from PRODUCTION of antibodies against foreign antigens; duration is long and is acquired thru either active natural or active artificial means

active immunity

immunity that results from TRANSFER of antibodies from one individual to another offering temporary protection; duration is short and is acquired thru passive natural or passive artificial means

passive immunity

type of immune response involving immune cells (T-lymphs, NK cells, cytokines) rather than antibodies; AKA delayed time hypersensitivity (DTH) or Type IV hypersensitivity

cell-mediated immunity

contact sensitivity seen in poison ivy reactions, delayed sensitivity seen in contact dermatitis, immunity to viral and fungal antigens and rejection of foreign tissue grafts are purposes of ___________________.

cell-mediated immunity

become activated in response to lymphokines (cytokines), attach to antigen-antibody(-complement) complexes, present processed antigens to T-lymphs are all functions of ____________________________.

cell-mediated immunity

component of cell-mediated immunity, where T-lymphs do not recognize antigens but recognition takes place when the antigen is present on the surface of an APC, the ____________________.

macrophage

component of cell-mediated immunity: these cells recognize and destroy/lyse body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigens on their surface to include: virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells displaying tumor antigens, transplanted cells

cytotoxic T-lymphs

component of cell-mediated immunity that recognize, attach to, and destroy intracellular pathogens

natural killer cells

type of immunity involving the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen resulting from the formation & release of antibodies into the blood streams; mediated by B-lymphs; primary function is defense against bacterial infection

humoral immunity