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Foundations > Immunology III - Coplan > Flashcards

Immunology III - Coplan Flashcards

1
Q

How does passive immunity occur?

A
  • Naturally (Maternal Abs transferred to fetus through placenta)
    OR
  • Artificially (Human immunoglobulin specific to toxin or antigen given to pt)
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2
Q

When is passive immunization used?

A

When risk of infection is high & body has insufficient time to develop immune response

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3
Q

Vaccine administration stimulates what?

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

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4
Q

How is blood type determined?

A

By presence or absence of RBC antigens

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5
Q

Define: agglutination

A

Antibody binding to antigen –> RBC clumping

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6
Q

Type A blood characteristics

A
  • A antigens

- Anti-B antibodies

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7
Q

Type B blood characteristics

A
  • B antigens

- Anti-A antibodies

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8
Q

Type AB blood characteristics

A
  • A & B antigens

- No antibodies

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9
Q

Type O blood characteristics

A
  • No antigens

- Anti-A & anti-B antibodies

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10
Q

Rh

A
  • A surface antigen
  • If present = Rh +
  • If absent = Rh -
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11
Q

What happens w/ Rh in pregnancy?

A
  • If mom is Rh- & fetus is Rh+, fetal maternal blood mixes –> mom can develop antibodies to the Rh antigen of the fetal blood
  • Mom’s antibodies can cross placenta & attack RBCs of the fetus –> fetus at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis)*
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12
Q

Indirect coombs test

A
  • Mom’s blood drawn & mixed w/ Rh+ RBCs
  • Coomb’s serum is added –> agglutination if Abs present
  • If mom has antibodies to Rh antigen –> agglutination will occur
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13
Q

What do you do if initial screening test is negative?

A

Repeat at 28-30 wks & 36 wks gestation

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14
Q

How do you prevent hemolytic disease in subsequent pregnancies?

A

Give mom RhoGAM immediately after delivery

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15
Q

Who is the universal donor?

A

O-

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16
Q

Who is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

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17
Q

What is the most common blood type?

A 
O+ = 38%
A+ = 34%
18
Q

What blood is most rare?

A

AB- = 1%

19
Q

Prick skin testing

A
  • Detects specific IgE antibodies to allergens
  • Those allergic to allergin –> B cells differentiate & produce IgE
  • IgE binds to mast cells
  • Repeat exposure –> release of histamine –> wheal & flare rxn
20
Q

What does the RAST test detect?

A

Specific IgE antibody in serum

21
Q

RAST test method

A
  • Known antigen is coupled to a paper disk
  • Serum added
  • If pt has specific IgE antibodies, they bind to antigen (test will be positive)
  • Radio-labeled anti-IgE antibody added
  • Radioactive anti-IgE binds to the specific IgE (if present) & radioactive emissions are counted
22
Q

What does viral load detect?

A

Presence of virus

23
Q

What tests are used to detect antibodies?

A

ELISA & Western Blot

*May be negative during 1st few wks of infection

24
Q

What does a titer measure?

A
  • Concentration of an antibody, as determined by finding highest dilution at which it is still able to cause agglutination of antigen
25
Q

A higher titer indicates what?

A

More antibody is present

26
Q

What is a titer used for?

A

Following the course of infection

27
Q

Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) - What does this detect?

A

Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)

28
Q

What does “reagin” mean?

A

Test does not detect antibodies against the actual bacterium, but for antibodies against substances released by cells when they are damaged

29
Q

What is a decreasing titer used for?

A

Monitoring tx success

30
Q

How is syphilis confirmed?

A

FTA-ABS test

31
Q

What does the FTA-ABS test detect?

A
  • Antibodies specific to Treponema bacterium

* Becomes positive 4-6wks after inoculation

32
Q

What does ASO titer indicate?

A

Body’s rxn to group A beta-hemolytic strep

33
Q

What is the ASO test used for?

A

To determine whether a previous strep infection has caused a post-strep disease

34
Q

What enzyme is produced by the streptococcus organism?

A

Streptolysin O

35
Q

What does streptolysin O do?

A
  • Acts as an antigen

- Body produces antibody to it - aka ASO

36
Q

When are titers the highest?

A

3 wks after infection

37
Q

When will most titers return to normal?

A

By 6 months

38
Q

When does HSV IgM antibody production begin?

A

Several days after primary HSV infection

39
Q

When does HSV IgG antibody production begin?

A

After HSV IgM production

40
Q

NAATs or NATs

A
  • Biochemical technique used to detect the genetic material of an infecting organism
  • Antigen tests help shorten “window period”
  • Positive before antibody tests are positive
  • Take less time than a culture

Foundations (9 decks)

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