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Clin Med Exam 4 (Lauren) > Immunology II > Flashcards

Immunology II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Bone Marrow

Thymus

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2
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

MALT

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3
Q

What are the components of humoral immunity?

A

B-cells

Antibodies

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4
Q

What are the components of cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells

Antigen presenting cells

MHC

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5
Q

What are the functions of the bone marrow?

A

Makes all blood cells

Site of B-cell maturation

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6
Q

Should there ever be antigens in the bone marrow or the thymus?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Removes old blood cells

Stores RBCs

Recycles iron

Makes antibodies-IgM

Removes antigens from blood and lymph

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8
Q

Where are the main sites of bone marrow?

A

Pelvis

Ribs

Sternum

Vertebrae

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9
Q

What is the “sail sign” on a chest X-ray

A

Its the thymus in a child.

You should not see a sail sign in an adult

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10
Q

What do you need to do before you remove someone’s spleen?

A

Immunize them since they won’t be able to make some antibodies

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of encapsulated bacteria that can cause problems for people without a spleen? Why?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

H. Influenza

Neisseria meningitides

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12
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

Filter foreign molecules and cancer cells

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13
Q

What is the function of the tonsils/adenoids?

A

First line of defense against ingested/inhaled germs

Fights respiratory illnesses like the cold

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14
Q

Wtf is MALT

A

Little bits of lymphoid tissue in the MUCOSA that samples antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium and then delivers it to the lymphoid tissue.

Keeps you from attacking food and normal shit that goes through these areas

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15
Q

What are the three types of MALT?

A

NALT- nasal

BALT- bronchial

GALT- gut

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16
Q

What is the overall cause of autoimmune disease?

A

Loss of ability to distinguish self from non-self

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17
Q

What is the MOA of humoral immunity?

A

Antibodies in circulating serum

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18
Q

What kind of pathogens does humoral immunity/B-cells attack most?

A

Extracellular pathogens (circulating viruses, bacteria)

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19
Q

What is the MOA of cell-mediated immunity?

A

Direct cell to cell contact or secreted soluble products

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20
Q

What kind of pathogens does cell-mediated immunity/T cells mostly attack?

A

Intracellular pathogens (viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, tumors)

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21
Q

Once B cells mature in the bone marrow and migrate to secondary lymphatic organs like the spleen, lymph node, or MALT, are they ready to start making antibodies?

A

No they are mature, but they are naive.

Must be activated

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22
Q

What are the 3 steps to activating a B cell?

A
  1. Recognition- antigen binds to the mature naive B cell’s surface receptor
  2. Proliferation- clones itself
  3. Differentiation- clones turn into plasma cells or memory cells
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23
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Go to work and make antibodies

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24
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

Go away and wait for 2nd exposure. If that happens, they can attack IMMEDIAtELY and not have to go through the whole recognition, proliferation thing again

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25
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Tag antigens for destruction (either phagocytosis or chemotaxis, which is poison)

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26
Q

What is the order antibody types appear in when you encounter an antigen?

A

IgM

IgG

IgA

IgE

IgD

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27
Q

What is the FIRST RESPONDER antobidy?

A

IgM

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28
Q

What do IgMs indicate?

A

Acute/recent infection

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29
Q

What is the relative size of IgM?

A

Large

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30
Q

What is IgM really good at doing?

A

Activating the complement system

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31
Q

What happens to IgM levels as IgG levels rise?

A

Fall

32
Q

What is IgG really good at?

A

Opsonization

33
Q

What is the most abundant antibody in the body?

A

IgG

34
Q

If you do a titer draw for Rubella and you have IgG, but no IgM, what does that mean?

A

You have seen the infection before but you don’t have an active infection

35
Q

If you draw rubella titers and your IgG avidity is low, what does that mean?

A

It means you’ve only seen rubella once

36
Q

What does it mean if you draw rubella titers and you have reactive IgG, IgM, and high avidity?

A

You have active rubella infection and this is not the first time you’ve seen it

37
Q

When you get a primary infection or vaccine, IgM levels rise before IgG levels. Which rises first on your secondary exposure?

A

IgG levels rise first and WAY MORE

2nd response is Stronger (higher avidity), happens faster, and lasts longer

38
Q

Where is IgA mostly found?

A

Mucosal secretions

Ex: GI tract, respiratory tract, saliva, sweat, tears

39
Q

Is IgA good at opsonization and activating the complement system?

A

No

40
Q

Which type of antibody is produced in response to allergens?

A

IgE

41
Q

Which antibody defends against worms and parasites?>

A

IgE

42
Q

What happens after IgE covers a bit of pollen that you’re allergic to?

A

It binds to mast cells, which then release histamine

43
Q

Which antibody plays a large role in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgE

44
Q

What is the only thing you need to know about IgD

A

Involved in the activation of B cells

45
Q

Which is going to be faster, stronger, and longer 🤤: 1st or 2nd response to an antigen?

A

2nd.

Reason why we give 3 doses of shots etc

46
Q

Does IgM cross the placenta?

A

No

47
Q

Does IgG cross the placenta?

A

Yes

48
Q

Can babies get IgA antibodies from breast milk?

A

Yes, IgA is in all bodily secretions

49
Q

What s the serum half life of IgM?

A

5-10 days

50
Q

What is the serum half life of IgG?

A

23 days

51
Q

What is the serum half life of IgA/

A

6 days

52
Q

What is the serum half life of IgE?

A

2.5 days

53
Q

What is the serum half life of IgD?

A

3 days

54
Q

Are vaccines a form of acquired immunity?

A

Yes

55
Q

Once mature, T-cells express _____

A

Surface receptors

Known as T cell receptors (TCRs)

56
Q

Mature naive T cells must undergo a _______

A

2 signal activation

57
Q

What are the 2 signals that activate T cells?

A

1st: MHC-antigen complex of an antigen presenting cell binds to a T cell receptor
2nd: the other T cell receptor, CD28, binds to B7 on the antigen presenting cell

58
Q

Once T-cells are activated, what happens?

A

They divide and differentiate into Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, suppressor T cells, and memory T cells.

59
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Produce cytokines that stimulate macrophages for phagocytosis

Stimulate B cells

Stimulate T cells to proliferate

Activate NK cells

60
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Kill your cells that are infected with viruses or tumors

61
Q

What do suppressor T cells do?

A

Prevent immune system from overactivity. Distinguishing self from non self

62
Q

What do memory T cells do?

A

Recognize antigens from previous exposures

63
Q

What kind of surface receptors do helper T cells have?

A

CD4

CD28

64
Q

What kind of surface receptors do cytotoxic T cells have?

A

CD8

CD28

65
Q

Which MHC complex do helper T cells bind to?

A

MHC II

66
Q

Which MHC complex do cytotoxic T cells bind to?

A

MHC I

67
Q

What kind of receptor will every antigen presenting cell have?

A

B7

68
Q

What is the function of antigen presenting cells?

A

Prepare an antigen and present it to T-cells on a nice little platter called an MHC

69
Q

True or False:

An antigen presenting cell can be any nucleated cell in the body

A

True

70
Q

If a mature naive T cell comes out of the thymus with a CD8 receptor, what kind of cell will it become?

A

Cytoxic

71
Q

If a mature naive T cell comes out of the thymus with a CD4 receptor, what kind of cell is it going to be?

A

Helper T cell

72
Q

What kind of cells have an MHC I

A

All nucleated cells

73
Q

What kind of MHC presents to cytotoxic T cells that have CD8 receptors

A

MHC I

On surface of all nucleated cells

74
Q

What kind of cells have an MHC II?

A

B-cells

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

75
Q

What kind of MHC presents to helper T cells that have CD4 receptors?

A

MHC II

Helper T cells only interact with B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages

76
Q

What is the structure of IgM?

A

It has 5 Y-shaped parts and is very large

Clin Med Exam 4 (Lauren) (5 decks)

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