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Clin Med Exam 4 (Lauren) > Immunology II > Flashcards

Immunology II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Bone Marrow

Thymus

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2
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

MALT

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3
Q

What are the components of humoral immunity?

A

B-cells

Antibodies

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4
Q

What are the components of cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells

Antigen presenting cells

MHC

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5
Q

What are the functions of the bone marrow?

A

Makes all blood cells

Site of B-cell maturation

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6
Q

Should there ever be antigens in the bone marrow or the thymus?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Removes old blood cells

Stores RBCs

Recycles iron

Makes antibodies-IgM

Removes antigens from blood and lymph

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8
Q

Where are the main sites of bone marrow?

A

Pelvis

Ribs

Sternum

Vertebrae

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9
Q

What is the “sail sign” on a chest X-ray

A

Its the thymus in a child.

You should not see a sail sign in an adult

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10
Q

What do you need to do before you remove someone’s spleen?

A

Immunize them since they won’t be able to make some antibodies

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of encapsulated bacteria that can cause problems for people without a spleen? Why?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

H. Influenza

Neisseria meningitides

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12
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

Filter foreign molecules and cancer cells

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13
Q

What is the function of the tonsils/adenoids?

A

First line of defense against ingested/inhaled germs

Fights respiratory illnesses like the cold

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14
Q

Wtf is MALT

A

Little bits of lymphoid tissue in the MUCOSA that samples antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium and then delivers it to the lymphoid tissue.

Keeps you from attacking food and normal shit that goes through these areas

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15
Q

What are the three types of MALT?

A

NALT- nasal

BALT- bronchial

GALT- gut

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16
Q

What is the overall cause of autoimmune disease?

A

Loss of ability to distinguish self from non-self

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17
Q

What is the MOA of humoral immunity?

A

Antibodies in circulating serum

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18
Q

What kind of pathogens does humoral immunity/B-cells attack most?

A

Extracellular pathogens (circulating viruses, bacteria)

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19
Q

What is the MOA of cell-mediated immunity?

A

Direct cell to cell contact or secreted soluble products

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20
Q

What kind of pathogens does cell-mediated immunity/T cells mostly attack?

A

Intracellular pathogens (viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, tumors)

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21
Q

Once B cells mature in the bone marrow and migrate to secondary lymphatic organs like the spleen, lymph node, or MALT, are they ready to start making antibodies?

A

No they are mature, but they are naive.

Must be activated

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22
Q

What are the 3 steps to activating a B cell?

A
  1. Recognition- antigen binds to the mature naive B cell’s surface receptor
  2. Proliferation- clones itself
  3. Differentiation- clones turn into plasma cells or memory cells
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23
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Go to work and make antibodies

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24
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

Go away and wait for 2nd exposure. If that happens, they can attack IMMEDIAtELY and not have to go through the whole recognition, proliferation thing again

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25
What do antibodies do?
Tag antigens for destruction (either phagocytosis or chemotaxis, which is poison)
26
What is the order antibody types appear in when you encounter an antigen?
IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD
27
What is the FIRST RESPONDER antobidy?
IgM
28
What do IgMs indicate?
Acute/recent infection
29
What is the relative size of IgM?
Large
30
What is IgM really good at doing?
Activating the complement system
31
What happens to IgM levels as IgG levels rise?
Fall
32
What is IgG really good at?
Opsonization
33
What is the most abundant antibody in the body?
IgG
34
If you do a titer draw for Rubella and you have IgG, but no IgM, what does that mean?
You have seen the infection before but you don’t have an active infection
35
If you draw rubella titers and your IgG avidity is low, what does that mean?
It means you’ve only seen rubella once
36
What does it mean if you draw rubella titers and you have reactive IgG, IgM, and high avidity?
You have active rubella infection and this is not the first time you’ve seen it
37
When you get a primary infection or vaccine, IgM levels rise before IgG levels. Which rises first on your secondary exposure?
IgG levels rise first and WAY MORE | 2nd response is Stronger (higher avidity), happens faster, and lasts longer
38
Where is IgA mostly found?
Mucosal secretions Ex: GI tract, respiratory tract, saliva, sweat, tears
39
Is IgA good at opsonization and activating the complement system?
No
40
Which type of antibody is produced in response to allergens?
IgE
41
Which antibody defends against worms and parasites?>
IgE
42
What happens after IgE covers a bit of pollen that you’re allergic to?
It binds to mast cells, which then release histamine
43
Which antibody plays a large role in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE
44
What is the only thing you need to know about IgD
Involved in the activation of B cells
45
Which is going to be faster, stronger, and longer 🤤: 1st or 2nd response to an antigen?
2nd. | Reason why we give 3 doses of shots etc
46
Does IgM cross the placenta?
No
47
Does IgG cross the placenta?
Yes
48
Can babies get IgA antibodies from breast milk?
Yes, IgA is in all bodily secretions
49
What s the serum half life of IgM?
5-10 days
50
What is the serum half life of IgG?
23 days
51
What is the serum half life of IgA/
6 days
52
What is the serum half life of IgE?
2.5 days
53
What is the serum half life of IgD?
3 days
54
Are vaccines a form of acquired immunity?
Yes
55
Once mature, T-cells express _____
Surface receptors | Known as T cell receptors (TCRs)
56
Mature naive T cells must undergo a _______
2 signal activation
57
What are the 2 signals that activate T cells?
1st: MHC-antigen complex of an antigen presenting cell binds to a T cell receptor 2nd: the other T cell receptor, CD28, binds to B7 on the antigen presenting cell
58
Once T-cells are activated, what happens?
They divide and differentiate into Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, suppressor T cells, and memory T cells.
59
What do helper T cells do?
Produce cytokines that stimulate macrophages for phagocytosis Stimulate B cells Stimulate T cells to proliferate Activate NK cells
60
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
Kill your cells that are infected with viruses or tumors
61
What do suppressor T cells do?
Prevent immune system from overactivity. Distinguishing self from non self
62
What do memory T cells do?
Recognize antigens from previous exposures
63
What kind of surface receptors do helper T cells have?
CD4 CD28
64
What kind of surface receptors do cytotoxic T cells have?
CD8 CD28
65
Which MHC complex do helper T cells bind to?
MHC II
66
Which MHC complex do cytotoxic T cells bind to?
MHC I
67
What kind of receptor will every antigen presenting cell have?
B7
68
What is the function of antigen presenting cells?
Prepare an antigen and present it to T-cells on a nice little platter called an MHC
69
True or False: | An antigen presenting cell can be any nucleated cell in the body
True
70
If a mature naive T cell comes out of the thymus with a CD8 receptor, what kind of cell will it become?
Cytoxic
71
If a mature naive T cell comes out of the thymus with a CD4 receptor, what kind of cell is it going to be?
Helper T cell
72
What kind of cells have an MHC I
All nucleated cells
73
What kind of MHC presents to cytotoxic T cells that have CD8 receptors
MHC I | On surface of all nucleated cells
74
What kind of cells have an MHC II?
B-cells Dendritic cells Macrophages
75
What kind of MHC presents to helper T cells that have CD4 receptors?
MHC II | Helper T cells only interact with B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages
76
What is the structure of IgM?
It has 5 Y-shaped parts and is very large

Clin Med Exam 4 (Lauren) (5 decks)

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