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Clin Med Exam 4 (Lauren) > Immunology I > Flashcards

Immunology I Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of host defense mechanisms

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2
Q

Where do all ofthe cells of the immune system come from?

A

Stem cells

(Stem cells then turn into either lymphoid stem cells to make lymphocytes
Or myeloid progenitor cells to make granulocytes)

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3
Q

What kind of cells come from lymphoid stem cells

A

Lymphocytes

(B cell progenitor
T Cell progenitor
Natural killer cell)

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4
Q

What kind of cells come from myeloid progenitor cells?

A 
Grnaulocytes:
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophils
Mast cells
Monocytes* not granulocyte
Dendritic cells*not granuloctye
Macrophages
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5
Q

What are the 4 components of the innate immune system?

A

Physical barriers

Complement system

White blood cells

Inflammation

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6
Q

Is the innate immune system rapid response or slow respsone?

A

Rapid (minutes to hours)

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7
Q

Is the innate immune system specific?

A

No

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8
Q

Does the innate immune system have memory?

A

No. It will react the same way every time even if its seen it before

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9
Q

What are some of the physical barriers discussed in class that are part of the innate immune syste,m?

A

Lysozyme in tears

Skin- physical barrier and also produces lactic acid

acidic pH in stomach

Normal flora

Flushing urinary tract when you pee

Cilia in nasopharynx

Mucus in trachea

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10
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A

Promotes inflammation

Attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane, causing lysis

(Enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbes and damaged cells)

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11
Q

What is the first step in the complement pathway?

A

Activation through either classical, lectin, or alternative pathways

(You only need to know classical)

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12
Q

What is the second event in the complement pathway after activation?

A

Formation of C3 convertase, which cleaves C3, the most abundant complement protein

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13
Q

What is the 3rd step in the complement pathway after formation of C3 convertase

A

Opsonization and phagocytosis

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14
Q

What is the the 4th step in the complement pathway after opsonization and phagocytosis

A

Inflammation

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15
Q

What is the last step of the complement pathway after inflammation?

A

MAC complex formation and lysis of the germ

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16
Q

What is the classical pathway to activate the complement system?

A

Antibodies (M and G) binding to an antigen

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17
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The coating of a microbe by an antibody or complement protein to “tag” it for phagocytosis

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18
Q

What is the membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

A complex of complement proteins that forms to cause the lysis of the microbe.
Once they combine on the surface of an antigen, the cell wall disintegrates and it dies

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19
Q

What are the steps of inflammation?

A
  1. Tissue damage
  2. Chemical signals alert endothelial cells along the capillary wall
  3. Neutrophils become sticky and stop rolling along the capillary wall
  4. Mast cells release histamine
  5. Histamine causes vasodilation and bigger openings in between endothelial cells
  6. Fluid and leukocytes enter the affected tissue

7, neutrophils squeeze through endothelium (extravasation)

  1. Neutrophils are attracted to the damaged site and ingest/destroy bacteria

(Sorry for this awful card i just thought it would be good to have written out)

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20
Q

What are the 2 broad types of white blood cells?

A

Granuloctyes

Agranulocytes

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21
Q

What are the 3 kinds of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

“Never let monkeys eat bananas”

Neutrophils 62%

Lymphocytes 30%

Monocytes 5%

Eosinophils 2.5%

Basophils 0.5%

24
Q

Which white blood cells are the first responders?

A

Neutrophils

25
Q

How do neutrophils kill antigens?

A

Phagocytize them

Also effective at promoting inflammation

26
Q

What kind of invaders are neutrophils particularly active against?

A

Bacteria

27
Q

What are metamyelocytes aka “bands”?

A

They are baby neutrophils

28
Q

What does an increase in band neutrophils mean?

A

The bone marrow has been signaled to release WBCs.
This is the first sign of an acute bacterial infection
***

29
Q

What does it mean if your lab values say “leukocytosis with a “left shift””?

A

It typically indicated an acute bacterial infection***

Bone marrow is going to work fighting infection by releasing baby neutrophils “Bands”

30
Q

What % increase in bands constitutes a “left shift?”

A

> 8%

31
Q

What kinds of things can cause neutropenia (low neutrophil count)?

A

Infection, especially viral

Bone marrow disease

Radiation, chemo, toxins, etc

32
Q

What kinds of things can cause neutrophilia (elevated neutrophil count)?

A

Acute infection

Noninfectious inflammation (ex: hypersensitivity, gout, postoperative state)

Metabolic causes (ex: DKA, uremia, preeclampsia)

Steroids

33
Q

How do you know if you have neutropenia?

A

It will be defined by the ANC (absolute neutrophil count)

34
Q

What is the main role of basophils?

A

Allergy

35
Q

What is in the granules that basophils release?

A

Histamine

Heparin

36
Q

What are the main tagrets of eosinophils?

A

Parasites

Allergies

37
Q

Where would you most likely see eosinophils?

A

Respiratory tract

Digestive tract

Lower urinary tract

(Think where worms and parasites would most likely be)

38
Q

Are there lots of eosinophils in the blood?

A

No they are rare

39
Q

What are the 3 WBC types associated with allergies?

A

Basophils

Eosinophils

Mast cells
**

40
Q

What substances are released by mast cells?

A

Histamine

Heparin

41
Q

Where are mast cells present?

A

Barrier tissues like mucosa

42
Q

What types of reactions do mast cells play important roles in?

A

Allergic reactions

Anaphylactic reactions

43
Q

Are mast cells part of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Yes, anaphylaxis is a type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

44
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis?

A

Type 1

45
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

SPLEEN

Blood

46
Q

Do monocytes stay monocytes forever?

A

No, they migrate into the tissue and become:

Macrophages or

Dendritic cells

47
Q

What are the largest WBCs

A

Monocytes

48
Q

What are macrophages?

A

“Professional phagocytes”

P.S. they are granulocytes

49
Q

What do lymphocytes turn into?

A

B cells

T cells

NK cells

50
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils

A

6 hours to a few days

51
Q

What is the lifespan of eosinophils?

A

8-12 days

52
Q

What is the lifespan of basophils?

A

Few hours to few days

53
Q

What os the life space of monocytes?

A

Hours to days

54
Q

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

A

Weeks for most

Years for memory cells

55
Q

Do basophils do phagocytosis?

A

No

Clin Med Exam 4 (Lauren) (5 decks)

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