Immunology Fundamentals

Question 1

What are the two major components of the Immune System?

Answer 1

Cellular Immunity
Humoral Immunity

Question 2

What are the different types of cytokines?

Answer 2

Lymphokines
Monokines
Chemokines
Phagocytes

Question 3

What kind of cytokine is produced by lymphocytes?

Answer 3

Lymphokines

Question 4

What is an attractant molecule that interacts between cells?

Answer 4

Chemokines

Question 5

What are the two major parts of the Immune system?

Answer 5

Innate Immunity
Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

Question 6

What are the three major roles of Complement?

Answer 6

Final lysis of abnormal cells
Opsonization and Phagocytosis
Mediation of Inflammation

Question 7

What is the name given to an activated B Cell?

Answer 7

Plasma Cell

Question 8

What originates in the bone marrow, matures in the thymus, and represents 60%-80% of circulating lymphocytes?

Answer 8

T-Lymphocytes

Question 9

What secretes cytokines, assists B cells, activates suppressor cells, and recognizes antigen with MHC Class II?

Answer 9

Helper/Inducer T-Cells (CD4)

Question 10

What attacks and lyses infected cells and recognizes MHC Class I?

Answer 10

Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8)

Question 11

What inhibits the activities of B and T cells?

Answer 11

Regulatory Suppressor T-Cells

Question 12

What can lyse infected cells without prior antigenic stimulation?

Answer 12

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

Question 13

What is activated by IgE antibodies and releases histamines?

Answer 13

Basophils

Question 14

What roles is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) critical in?

Answer 14

Transplantation
Paternity Testing
Specific HLA patterns

Question 15

What is present on all nucleated cells except trophoblasts and sperm?

Answer 15

MHC Class I

Question 16

What is present on antigen presenting cells like B lymph’s, activated T cells, and dendritic cells?

Answer 16

MHC Class II

Question 17

What percent of Immunoglobulins are IgG?

Answer 17

80%

Question 18

What can cleave Immunoglobulins into fragments?

Answer 18

Papain
Pepsin

Question 19

What are the fragments Immunoglobulins can be split into?

Answer 19

Two antigen binding fragments (FAB)
One Crystallizable fragment (Fc)

Question 20

What are the four phases of antibody response?

Answer 20

Lag Phase (No Antibody)
Log phase (Antibody titer increases)
Plateau Phase (Antibody titer plateaus)
Decline Phase (Antibody is catabolized)

Question 21

What is Hybridoma cultured from?

Answer 21

Myeloma Cells

Question 22

What is the name given to cloned Hybridoma that results in antibodies?

Answer 22

Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs)

Question 23

What are the three main cascade pathways?

Answer 23

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

Question 24

What initiates the Classical Pathway?

Answer 24

Antibody binding to Antigen

Question 25

Describe the Classical Pathway.

Answer 25

IgG1 or IgG3 C1q, r, s forms C4b2a (C3 Convertase) C4b2a3b (C5 Convertase) is formed C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9 activate to create the MAC attack

Question 26

What activates the Alternative Pathway?

Answer 26

Polysaccharides and Lipopolysaccharides Dialysis Membranes Dextran Polymers Tumor Cells

Question 27

Describe the Alternative Pathway.

Answer 27

Factor D Factor B C3bBbP (C3 Convertase) C3b2BbP (C5 Convertase) C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9 activate to create the MAC attack

Question 28

What activates the Lectin Pathway?

Answer 28

Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) to microbes

Question 29

Describe the Lectin Pathway.

Answer 29

Exact same as the classical pathway

Question 30

In testing methods done in the lab, What is a method that sees no agglutination in its first stage?

Answer 30

Hemagglutination Technique Precipitation Reaction in second stage

Question 31

What are factors that can influence antigen-antibody reactions?

Answer 31

Intermolecular binding forces Antibody properties Host factors Tolerance

Question 32

What are factors affecting agglutination reactions?

Answer 32

Centrifugation Temperature pH Incubation Time

Question 33

What a low ionic strength and causes RBCs to be taken up more rapidly?

Answer 33

LISS

Question 34

What are the zonal reactions (Antigen-antibody ratio)?

Answer 34

Zone of Equivalence (Optimum Antigen-Antibody present) Prozone Reaction (False negative /Excess Antibody) Postzone Reaction (False Negative/Excess Antigen)

Question 35

What are the four types of hypersensitivity?

Answer 35

Anaphylaxis/Immediate (IgE) IgM/IgG antibody (HDN/Transfusion) IgG/IgM Complement (Tissue Damage) T-Cell Mediated Response (Graft vs Host)