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Chem (Clinicals) > Immunology exam 2 > Flashcards

Immunology exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

CRP function

A 
Opsonization
Agglutination
Precipitation
activation of classical pathway of complement
Promotes phagocytosis
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2
Q

CRP is known as a ______

A

pentraxin

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3
Q

Serum Amyloid A function

A

chemical messenger
activates monos/marcros
promotes inflammation
Cleans up cholesterol from site of tissue injury

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4
Q

Complement function

A

opsonization
chemotaxis
lysis

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5
Q

Alpha-1 AT function

A

plasma inhibitor of proteases released from WBCs
(esp. elastase)
Regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines

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6
Q

Ceruloplasmin function

A

Copper-transporting protein

Enzymatic (Ferroxidase: Fe 2+ to 3+)

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7
Q

haptoglobin function

A

binds irreversibly to free Hgb released by intravascular hemolysis.
Acts as an antioxidant by providing protection against oxidative damage of free Hgb.

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8
Q

Once hgb bound to haptoglobin it is…

A

Cleared by the liver, preventing the loss of free Hgb

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9
Q

Fibrinogen function

A

Makes fibrin clot
Stimulates endothelial cell adhesion & proliferation (critical to healing)
Promotes aggregation of RBCs & plts

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10
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain

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11
Q

5 major events after injury

A
  1. increased blood supply to affected area
  2. Increased capillary permeability
  3. Migration of WBCs (diapedisis)
  4. Migration of macrophages & dendritic cells
  5. APRs stimulate phagocytosis
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12
Q

Healing process is completed with:

A

normal tissue structure

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13
Q

7 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Adherence
  2. Engulfment
  3. Formation of Phagosome
  4. Granule contact
  5. Formation of phagolysosome
  6. Digestion
  7. Excretion
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14
Q

Adherence

A

physical contact between phagocyte & microbe, aided by opsonins

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15
Q

Engulfment

A

outflowing of cytoplasm to surround microbe

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16
Q

Formation of phagosome

A

microbe is completely surrounded by part of the cell membrane

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17
Q

granule contact

A

lysosomal granules contact & fuse with the phagosome

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18
Q

Formation of the phagolysosome

A

Contents of the lysosome are emptied into the membrane-bound space

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19
Q

Degestion

A

… of the microbe by hydrolytic enzymes

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20
Q

Excretion

A

Contents of the phagolysosome are expelled to the outside by exocytosis

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21
Q

5 types of CD4 cells

A 
Th1
Th2
T reg/ T supp
Monocytes
Macrophages
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22
Q

CD16

A

Receptor on NK (& some other) cells for Fc portion of IgG.

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23
Q

2 ways NK cells can kill other cells

A
  1. Contact with MCH; inhibitory vs. activating receptors. If no MHC contact, no inhibition.
  2. Ab-dependent. Recognize & lyse Ab-coated cells via CD-16 IgG receptor
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24
Q

CD16 receptors bind the Ab and release:

A

perforins & granzymes

25
Q

___ is a main part of TCR

A

CD3

26
Q

T cell positive selection

A

TCR must be functional, recognize antigens

27
Q

T cell MHC restriction

A

only cells that react with host MHC survive

28
Q

T cell negative selection

A

cells that react with self-Ag are destroyed

eliminates cells that would have AI response

29
Q

Th1 cells promote ____ response

A

cellular

30
Q

Th1 cells activate….

A

cytotoxic lymphs & macrophages

31
Q

Th2 cells promote ______ response

A

humoral

32
Q

Th2 cells help….

A

Regulate B cell activity, help B cells produce Abs

33
Q

T regulatory cells have CD ___ and ___

A

4 and 25

34
Q

T reg cell function

A

suppress the immune response to self-ags

secrete inhibitory cytokines to inhibit proliferation of other T-cell populations

35
Q

B cell differentiation starts in the _____

A

bone marrow

36
Q

Pro-B cells develop from…

A

rearrangement of genes that code for heavy & light chains of Ab molecules

37
Q

Pro-B cells must so this to become pre-B cells

A

successfully rearrange 1 set of heavy chain genes

38
Q

Pre-B cells ID’ed by….

A 
Heavy mu chains of IgM class in cytoplasm. 
Short chains Ig-alpha and -beta
39
Q

Pre-B IgM heavy chains can express on cell surface with a…

A

surrogate light chain

40
Q

Pre-B cell differentiation begins with….

A

synthesis of heavy chain Ab molecule

41
Q

Immature B cells ID’ed by…

A

complete IgM ab on cell surface that serve as Ag receptors

42
Q

__________ determine specificity got Ags

A

variable regions

43
Q

CD21 is receptor for…

A

C3d (seen on immature B cells)

44
Q

The process of central tolerance involves…

A

elimination of B cells that have self-reactive receptors

45
Q

Immature B cell surface proteins

A

IgM
CD21
CD40
class II MHC

46
Q

If immature B cells survive central tolerance, they move to the ___

A

spleen

47
Q

Mature B cells develop in the ___

A

spleen

48
Q

Marginal B cells remain ____ and respond quickly to ____

A

spleen

bloodborne pathogens

49
Q

Follicular B cells migrate to ____ and then ___

A

lymph nodes & other secondary organs

recirculate

50
Q

Mature B cells have ___ and ___ on surface

A

IgM

IgD

51
Q

Antigen-dependent stage of B-cell development forms:

A

memory cells

Ab-secreting plasma cells

52
Q

ag-dependent stage occurs in….

A

primary follicles of peripheral lymph tissue

53
Q

Plasma cells have a lot of ____ and little or no ____

A

cytoplasmic Igs

surface Igs

54
Q

Plasma cells are found in…

A

peripheral lymphoid organs and bone marrow

55
Q

APCs are activated during the ____ immune response

A

innate

56
Q

T cells interact with APCs to initiate…

A

adaptive immune response

57
Q

3 things that lymph ID can help Diagnose:

A

Malignancies
AIDS
Immunodeficiency diseases

58
Q

This is the T-cell receptor for Ag

A

CD3/TCR complex

alpha & beta chains have variable regions that bind only to certain Ags

59
Q

____ helps B cells interact with Th cells in the production of Abs

A

MHC II

Chem (Clinicals) (4 decks)

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